David Brooks -One Nation Slight Divisible Essay

Brooks discussed the differences between the two groups. He described how â€Å"Red America† was made up of farmers and rural communities, while â€Å"Blue America† consisted of big cities with many stores and businesses. As Brooks looked at the red and blue sections of the electoral map, he was interested in the reasons behind the voting patterns. He chose two cities to represent these two sections: Franklin County in Pennsylvania for â€Å"Red America†, and Montgomery County in Maryland for â€Å"Blue America†. He lived in Montgomery county and spent time talking with different people in Franklin county. Brooks began to look deeper at the reasons for the differences between the two groups and wondered if America was really a united nation anymore. The first reason that Brooke considered was economics. He examined his theory that the rich and the poor have separated. The blue states had higher incomes, higher end stores, and jobs. Brooks asked people if they agreed that money was   what had divided the U.S. Although most people greed with that statement, most did not consider themselves the people with less, and it was the ones with less that seemed more content with what they had. As he spent more and more time with the people, he found that it was really not money that split the nation. . The next idea he had was religion. He found that the percentage of people involved in religion was higher in red states. There were more churches in Franklin, and more people attended a weekly religious service. Even with these statistics, Brooks again found it was not religion. He found there were still †bad people† and problems in both cities. Yes there were differences, but the differences didn’t seem to be enough to divide the nation. The final hypothesis Brooks dove into was self. Brooks saw that in â€Å"Red America† there was less striving to be unique and impress others. Humility was much more prevalent in the red states, while people in the blue states tended to place a larger focus on self. Brooke’s decided that this was a big difference, but not big enough to be the reason for division. After looking at all these thoughts, Brooks concluded that the U.S. is not divided, but instead it is a â€Å"Cafeteria Nation.† Brooks said that everyone has their own group to hang out with, just like what you would find in a school cafeteria. There may be differences between people, but in the end they all come together as a nation to help each other in times of trouble. Brooks used the example of 9/11, to demonstrate this principle and then concluded that our nation was not and is not divided after all.

Comparative Programmes of Business Education in Nigerian Universities (a Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka)

Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 2(2): 58-64, 2010 ISSN: 2041-3246  © M axwell Scientific Organization, 2010 Submitted Date: November 18, 2009 Accepted Date: December 14, 2009 Accepted Date: March 10, 2010 Comparative Programmes of Business Education In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka) 1 F. O. Ohiwerei and 2 N. A zih Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpom a, Edo State, Nig eria 2 Departm ent of Business Education, E bon yi State University, Abakaliki, Eb ony i State, Nigeria Abstract: This paper is aimed to critically x-ray the business education curriculum of Nigerian Universities a case study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State U niversity, Ab raka. It w as observed that in Amb rose Alli University business education is housed in the department of Vocational and Technical Education with two options namely Accounting Education and Secretaria l Education while it runs a specialized system right from 1 00 to 4 00 lev els. On the other hand the Delta State University runs a 100 to 200 levels broad based system. Specialization is done in 300 and 400 levels.Here business education is a unit of its own; housing accounting option, secretarial option, management option, but unfortunately computer education options is not functional. It was observed that the objectives, philosophy and ad mission requ irements of bo th universities are the same. While courses offered are different in nature. Conclusion and recommendations were made. Key w ords: Business educ ation, curriculu m, effectiveness, pro gram me, teachin g, univ ersity INTRODUCTION Education is the totality of life experience that man acquires and which enables him to cope with and derive satisfaction from living in the word.This is because it enables him to achieve social competence and optimum individual development. Broken down, business education which is a subset of the general education can be seen as the development of person’s h ead, heart and han ds for his self fulfillment and optimum service s to human ity. To achieve this according to the National Policy on Education (2004), compu ter education was integra ted into the primary school curriculum, a welcome development but sad to note that sub jects like shorthand, typewriting, commerce, and book-keeping are integrated together to form business studies thereby losing their original identity.Experience has shown that most people are not interested in business education as a profession with the mind set that it is education meant for the less privilege or a programme, which up on graduation, there is no opportunity for securing a job. This is so because Bu siness educ ation curriculum planners who are not profe ssional membe rs in the field could not design a uniform curriculum that will ho use all the universities offering business educ ation courses in Nigeria. The incompetence on the part of business education graduates also lays on the curriculum not properly designed to reflect the psychomotor nature of our noble profession.Pitman (1974) defin ed curriculum as a prescribed courses of studies. While Hornby (2006) says curriculum are the subjects that are included in a course of study or taugh t in a school, college, etc. According to Okoye (1991), the process of curricu lum developm ent and plan ning is continuo us. It does not end once and for all time. Acco rding to Uwaifo (2006) a close look at the current Vocational and Technical Education curriculum g enera lly reveals some problems that border on inadequate course content.Uhumuavbi and Ebhomhen (20 06) in their ow n vain stated that irrespective of the level of education and training given during the pre-colonial days in Africa, it was functional because the curriculum was relevant to the needs of the society. Unemployment if it existed at all was minimal and very few young men roamed the villages and towns with nothing to do. According to Snyder (2008), a flexible curriculum is important because there is no single cu rricular path to career success. We are giving students more flexibility; this is not a radical departure from our curriculum.Robert and Booth (2008) stated that the curriculum changes allow students to increase the intensity o f their studies. The present Nigerian Universities business education curriculum has overstayed, therefore, it is important that they be modified to meet today’s needs. This is very essential from the standpoint of academic integrity. One will be tempted to ask at this juncture, is there anything wrong with the present Nigerian Universities business Corresponding Author: F. O. Ohiwerei, Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria 58Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2): 58-64, 2010 education curriculum? The researchers answer is â€Å"YES’ but that does not mean that the p res ent curriculum on ground can not be improved upon. The reasons for the reform ation of the business education curriculum is aimed to he lp create tomorrow’s competitive workforce by inspiring and engaging businesses to work in partnership with schools to raise the levels of achievement of young people, especially those in disadvantaged circumstances. Business education has advanced the level of â€Å"garbage in, garbage out words system† but a leadership role.The importance of the business edu cators is increasing as the business world becomes more complex. Through this programm e, individuals are educated to become skilled employees who can contribute mea ningfully to the overall effectiveness of an office, teaching and learning in schools. It is on the basis of this therefore; the researchers attempt to examine, compa re and contrast the cu rriculum of business education programmes of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka with a view to s cientifically reform it to meet the ever increasing techn ology deve lopm ent.This study will be of benefit to the teachers, students, parents and governmen t. Through this study, students’ competency for work placem ent w ill be ach ieved . The teachers will be properly informed on what should be included or excluded from the curriculum for effective teaching and learning. The parents will have a sign of relief that upon gradu ation from the unive rsity their children will be gainfully employed or self-reliance. The government will appreciate the programm e, as it will help to reduce unemployment and crime rate in the society.LITERATURE REVIEW BUSINESS EDUCATION PROGRAMM ES OFFERED BY AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY, EKPOMA AND DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA Business education program mes offered by A mbro se Alli University, Ekpoma are: C C Accounting education option Secretarial education option C W hile the business education programmes offered by the Delta State University, Abra ka are: C C C C C Accounting Option Secretarial Technology Option Management Option. Computer Education Option.Programm e title: Secretarial Studies/O ffice Ma nagem ent: Both universities have the same philosophy, specific objectives and admission requirements as described below: Philosophy: The introduction of the office automation, by the use of electronic equipment has not only brought changes on office procedures and competencies, but also has created new functions in the business offices. In order to met the chan ging o ffice skills, educational have also changed their business education programmes to cater for the new requiremen ts by introducing office management programme.In Nigeria, office automation has become a reality and all levels of government are requesting educational institutions to include co mpu ter literacy in their curriculum. This programme is designed to meet the requirements of the changing office environment and the call by the governments in Nigeria. Spec ific Objectives: This programme is designed to give the students the liability to work in modern business offices and to teach modern office skills in seconda ry schools.Specifically, the programme will give the students the skills to perform the follow ing functions in the office: C C C C C Planning and organizing office operations, W ritten communications and telecom mun ications in the office, Information and records management in the office, Leadership and Human Relations in the office, Controlling office operations. Adm ission requirements: (Four-year programmeUM E): W est African School Certificate (W ASC) or General Certificate of Education (GCE O/L or NECO with at least credit passes in five relevant subjects which must include English Language.Direct entry: C Passes at merit level in relevant Diploma programme of a University or any other institution recognized by Senate in addition to fou r O/L credit passes which must include English Language. Passes in two relevant subje cts at A /L in ad dition to three C/L credit passes or its equivalent which must include English Language, Passes at merit level in least tw o sub jects in NC E in addition to three credit passes in G CE O/L or its equivalent, in not more than two sittings.In the actual sense, Accounting, Secretarial and man agem ent op tions are opera tional. 59 No student shall qua lify for the award of an hono urs degree of the University if he/she spends more than two sessions (four semesters) beyond the normal period allowed for the degree programme. Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2): 58-64, 2010 Accounting Education University, Ekpoma Option of A mbrose A lli ACC ACC ACC ACC 304 306 307 308 Public Finance Com pany Law Banking A nd Finance Quantitative Analysis For Business Decision 2C 2C 2C 2C 24F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L EDU 100 EDU 101 EDU 102 ECO 101 ACC 101 GS T 10 1 GS T 1 02 CSC 101 Introduction To Teaching Profession H istory Of Educ ation Developm ental Psy 1 E conom ics Principles 1 Principle Of Accounting U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary P hilos oph y A nd L ogic Intro To Compu ter 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 4C 2C 2C 20 VTE 311 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme F I R ST S E M E S T E R EDU EDU ED U ACC ACC 400 LEVEL 15CS E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L EDU 111 EDU 115 GS T 11 1 GST 1 12 EC O 1 11 BED 111 BED 114 AC C 1 11 Introductions To Social Studies Intoduction To Special Education N igeria Peo ples A nd C ulture History And Philosophy Science E cono mics P rinciple II Office Practice F undam entals Of Bu siness P rinciples O f Acc oun ting II 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 2C 3C 3C 19 400 Project 402G uidance And Counseling 4 03 C ontin uou s A ssess men t 402Auditing And Investigation 404 Public Sector Accounting 4 00 L E V E L C 2C 2C 3C 3C 16 SECOND SEMESTER EDU 411 EDU 413 EDU 415 ACC 412 AC C 4 14 ACC 415 BED 413 BED 415 VTE 411 F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L EDU 201 EDU 202 VTE 201 ACC 201 ACC 204 A C C 2 08 ECO 201 Philosophy Of Education C urriculum And Instruction Vte In Nigeria And Other Coun tries Financial Accounting 1 Introduction To Finance 1 B us in es s L aw 1 M icro Economics 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 3C 16 C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 2C 23 Secretarial Education Option of A m b ro se A ll i U n iv er si ty , E k po m a F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L EDU 100 EDU 101 EDU 102 GS T 10 1 GS T 1 02 BE D 1 01 BED 102 AC C 1 01 CSC 101 Introduction To Teaching Profession H istory Of Education Developm ental Psy I U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary P hilos oph y A nd L ogic S hortha nd I Typew riting I P rinciples O f Acc oun ting I Introduction To C omputer Science 2C 2C 2C 4C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 23O rganization of Primary And Secondary Education C omparative Education E ducational Psychology Management Accounting F inan cial M ana gem ent M anagement Information System H uman Relations And Personnel Management B usiness Communication Professional SeminarF O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 10 1 U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y A nd L ogic CSC 101 Introduction To C omputer Science S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L EDU 211 EDU 212 EDU 213 EDU 214 ACC 211 ACC 213 AC C 2 14 GST 222 VT E 2 11 Subject Method E ducational Technology Sociology Of Education R esearch Method S and Data Processing Financial Accounting 11 Cost Accounting I In troduc tion To Finan ce II Peace And Conflict Resolution V OC & T ech .Edu catio n in N igeria 3C 3C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 2C 21 4C 2C 2C 24 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L EDU 111 EDU 115 GS T 11 1 GST 1 12 BED 111 BE D 1 12 BE D 1 13 BED 114 AC C 1 11 Introduction To Social Studies Introduction To Special Education N igeria Peo ples A nd C ulture History And Philosophy Science Office Practice T ypew riting II S hortha nd II Introdu ction To B usiness P rinciples O f Acc oun ting II 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 23F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L EDU 201 EDU 202 VTE 201 B ED 201 BED 202 BED 203 BED 205 BED 208 Philosophy Of Education C urriculum And Instruction VT E In Nigeria And Other Countries Intermediate Shorthand Intermediate Typewriting P lanning O rganizing Office O perations I B usiness Co mmu nications I Business Law 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 3C 21 F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 11 1N igerian P eople A nd C ulture GST 1 12 History And Philosophy Of Science 2C 2C 25F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L EDU 300 EDU 301 EDU 302 VTE 301 BED 304 ACC 301 ACC 303 Teaching Practice E ducational Administration And Planning E ducational Technology Time M anagement B usiness Machine Intermediate Financial Accounting I Element Of Management 3C 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 10 1 U se O f Eng lish An d Lib rary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y A nd L ogic CSC 101 Introduction To C omputer Science 4C 2C 2C 8 0 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2): 58-64, 2010 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L ED U 211 EDU 212 EDU 213 EDU 214 GST 222 BED 211 BED 212 BE D 2 13 BE D 2 15 VT E 2 11 Subject Method E ducational Technology Sociology Of Education R esearch Methods And Data Processing Peace And Conflict Resolution Intermediate Shorthand I Intermediate Typewriting I P lanning /Orga nization O ffice O peration s II B usiness Co mm unication II V oc. A nd te ch.E duc ation in N igeria 3C 3C 3C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 2C 27 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 1 00 L E V E L BE D 1 11 In troduc tion to S ecretarial Ed ucation in Sho rthand II BE D 1 12 In troduc tion to S ecretarial Ed ucation in Typ ewriting II BED 113 Principles of Business Education BED 114 Introduction to Vocational & Technical Education BED 115 Principles & Practice of Cooperative EDU 112 Introduction to Social Studies Education AC C 1 11 In troduc tion to A ccou nting II BUS 114 B usiness Communication EC N 1 11 P rinciples o f Eco nom ics II GS T 11 1 N igeria Peo ple and Cu lture GST 113 Peace Studies andConflict Resolution GS T 1 14 Com munication in French F I R ST S E M E S T E R 2 0 0 L E V E L 2C 2C 4 BED 201 B asic Word Processing: Shorthand I BED 202 B asic Word Processing: Typewriting I BED 203 M arketing Management Education EDU 200 Principles of Instruction EDU 201 Philosophy of Education EDU 202 C urriculum Development ACC 201 Financial Accounting I AC C 2 03 Q uan titative F inan cial A naly sis BU S 2 01 P rincip les of M ana gem ent I CSC 200 Introduction to Compu ter S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 2 00 L E V E L BE D 2 11 B asic W ord P rocessin g: Sho rthand II BE D 2 12 B asic W ord P rocessin g: Typ ewriting II BED 213 O ffice Management BED 214 Leadership Behaviour BED 215 Finance and Economics of Business Education EDU 211 B usiness Education Method EDU 212 T est and Measurement EDU 213 Sociology of Education AC C 2 11 F inancial A ccou nting II BU S 21 1 Princ iples of M anag emen t II 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 3C 3C 2C 3C 2E 23 Accounting Option 300 Level of Delta State University, Abraka BED BED EDU EDU EDU ACC ACC ACC BUS 302 B usiness Edu cation Statistics I 303 B anking Education 300 Teaching Practice 301 E ducational Administration and Planning 302 Educational Technology 301 Corporate Accounting I 303 Cost Accounting I 305 Auditing B us in es s L aw I 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 22 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 3C 3C 22F O R D I R E C T E N T R Y ST U D E N T S O N L Y GS T 11 1N igerian P eople a nd C ulture GST 1 12 History And Philosophy of Science 4 F IR S T S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration And Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology VTE 301 Time M anagement BE D 3 01 In termed iate Sho rthand II BE D 3 02 In termed iate Typ ewriting II BE D 3 03 R eco rd M ana gem ent I BED 304 B usiness Machine AC 3 06 Com pany Law S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L VTE 311 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L EDU EDU EDU BED BED BED 400 Project 402 G uidance And Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 401 O ffice Dictation I 402 W ord Processing I 403 Personnel Management 6C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 19 15C 3C 2C 3C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 3C 24 2C 2C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 25 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L EDU 411 O rganization Of Primary And Secondary Education EDU 413 C omparative Education EDU 415 E ducationalPsychology VTE 411 Professional Seminar BE D 4 1I O ffice D ictation II BE D 4 12 W ord P rocessin g II BED 413 Hum an Relations And Personnel BE D 4 14 R ecord M anag emen t II ACC 415 M anagement Information System 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 2C 3C 3C 23 Accounting, Secretarial and M ana gem ent O ptions of D elta Sta te University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 1 0 0 L E V E L BED 101Introduction to Secretarial Education in Shorthand I BED 102 Introduction to Secretarial Education in Typewriting I EDU 100 Introduction to Teaching Profession EDU 101 H istory of Education EDU 102 D evelopmental Psychology ACC 101 Introduction to Accounting I BUS 102 I ntroduction to Business Mathematics ECN 102 P rinciples of Econom ics I GS T 10 1 U se of E nglish a nd L ibrary GS T 1 02 P hilos oph y an d L ogic 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 2C 2C 22S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education EDU 311 Educational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing ACC 311 Corporate Accounting II (Accounting Option) ACC 312 Taxation AC C 3 13 C ost A ccou nting II F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L BED BED BED BED EDU EDU EDU ACC 400 Research Project 402 Project Evaluation 403 A dmin. Of Vocational and Technical Education 404 Business Finance 401 Teaching Practice 402 G uidance and Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 402 Advanced Financial Accounting 6C 2C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 3C 21 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 3C 18 61 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. , 2(2): 58-64, 2010S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L BED BED BED BED BED EDU EDU ACC 410 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) 411 Sm all Business Development 412 Professional Seminar 413 B usiness Education and Industrial Relations 414 M anpower Training and Development 411 O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education 412 C omparative Education 412 Financial Management 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2C 3C BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education BE D 3 14 In termed iate W ord P rocessin g II B E D 3 15 In te rm ed ia te Sh orth an d II (1 00 W PM ) BED 316 Law and :Practice of Meetings (E) BE D 3 17 S ecretarial Pro cedu re EDU 311 E ducational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing F IR S T SE M E S T E R 40 0 LE V E BED 400 Research Project BED 402 Project Evaluation BED 403 A dmin.Of Vocational and Technical Education BED 404 Business Finance BED 405 A dvanced Word Processing I B E D 4 06 Ad va nc ed Sh orth an d I (1 10 W PM ) EDU 401 Teaching Practice EDU 402 G uidance and Counseling EDU 403 C ontinuous Assessment S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L B ED 410 BED 411 BED 412 BED 413 BED 414 BE D 4 15 B E D 4 16 BED 417 EDU 411 EDU 412 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Sm all Business Development Professional Seminar B usiness Education and Industrial Relations M anpower Development A dvan ced W ord P rocess II Ad va nc ed Sh orth an d I (1 20 W PM ) V ocational Guidance in Business Education O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education C omparative Education 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2E 2E 2C 2C 25 4C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 21 2C 2C 2C 2E 2C 2C 3C 19 22Managem ent Option of Delta State University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L ED U 30 2 Bu siness Education S tatistics I BED 303 B anking Education EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration and Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology BUS 304 Production Management BUS 307 D ata Processing and Management Information B U S 30 2 Bu si ne ss La w I S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BED 311 Business M achines BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II BED 313 H uman Resources Management in Education EDU 311 E ducational Psychology EDU 312 R esearch Methods and Data Processing BUS 316 C onsumer Behaviour and Production BUS 317 D ata Processing and Management Information F I R ST S E M E S T E R 4 0 0 L E V E L BED BED BED BED EDU EDU EDU BUS 400 Research Project 402 Project Evaluation 403 A dmin. Of Vocational and Technical Education 404 Business Finance 401 Teaching Practice 402 G uidance and Counseling 403 C ontinuous Assessment 401 Business Policy 6C 2C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 3C 22 2E 2C 2C 2C 3C 3C 3C 17 2C 2C 3C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 18DISCUSSION The objectives, philosophy and admission requirements of both universities are the same. The course description of Compu ter education option of Delta State University was not stated in their handbook an indication that the p rogramm e is yet to take of. It was also observed that the present curriculum being operated by the Business Education of Delta State University bec ame operational in 2006/2007 academic session to date. Differences in course units were observed. For example, according to Ambrose Alli University, F aculty of Education hand book (2000), shorthand, which is 3 units in Ambrose A lli University, is 2 units in Delta State University. Title differences were observed e. g. n Amb rose Alli University BED 205 and BED 215 is Business Comm unica tion, w hile in De lta State University Business Communication is coded BUS 114. BED 400, which is research pro ject in D elta State University, is EDU 400 in Am brose Alli Un iversity. There are some courses that are offered in Ambrose Alli University that are not offered in D elta State University. A lso there are some courses that are offered in Delta State University that are not offered in Ambrose Alli University, such as BED 113 Principles of Business Education, GST 114 Communication in French, BED 203 Marketing Management Education, BED 214 Leadership b ehaviou r, BED 410 Small Business Deve lopment, BED 413 Business Education and Industrial Relations BED 414 Manpower Training and D evelo pme nt.S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 4 00 L E V E L BED 410 Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) BED 411 Sm all Business Development BED 412 Professional Seminar BED 413 B usiness Education and Industrial Relations BED 414 M anpower Development EDU 411 O rganization of Primary and Secondary Education EDU 412 C omparative Education BUS 416 Sale Management 6C 2C 2C 2C 3E 2C 2C 2C 21 Secretarial Technology Option of Delta State University, Abraka F I R ST S E M E S T E R 3 0 0 L E V E L BED 302 B usiness Edu cation Statistics I BED 303 B anking Education BED 304 Intermediate Word Processing I B E D 3 05 In te rm ed ia te Sh orth an d I (9 0 W P M ) BED 306 Office Information System EDU 300 Teaching Practice EDU 301 E ducational Administration and Planning EDU 302 E ducational Technology B U S 30 2 Bu si ne ss La w 1 S E C O N D S E M E S T E R 3 00 L E V E L BED 311 Business M achines BE D 3 12 B usiness Edu cation S tatistics II 2C 2C 2C 2C 3C 2C 2E 3C 2C 2C 2C 20 62 Curr. Res. J. Soc. Sci. 2(2): 58-64, 2010 W hile the following are courses offered in Am brose Alli University that are not offered in D elta State University; BED 111 O ffice Practice; BED 114 Foundamental of Business; ECO 111 Economics Practice; ACC 208 Business Law; V TE 301 Time M anag eme nt; VTE 201 VTE in Nigeria and other coun tries; BED 203 Planning Organizing Office; BED 303 R ecord Manag eme nt, and BED 415 M anagement Information System. CONCLUSION C It is our responsibility to plan, im plem ent, and update programmes so that students can attain a satisfactory level of achievement appropriate to either imm ediate employment or advanced education in preparation for later employment. Opportunities are ab undant for studen ts in the business w orld if their preparation is complete and if their attitudes are positive.RECOMMENDATIONS The authors hold the view that to be relevant in t he 21 st Century, business educ ators sh ould be trained based on the following courses: 100 and 200 level for both office education and accounting education: (1) Computer in business education (2) Shorthand (3) Introduction to Office Education in typewriting 1 (4) Principle of Accounting 1 (5) Introdu ction to Office education in typewriting II (6) Office Ma nagem ent (7) Introduction to B usiness (8) Principles of Accou nting II (9) Office Information System 1 (10) Basic word processing in Office (11) Business Communication (12) Financial Accounting 1 (13) Business Law 1 (14) Basic word processing in Office II (15) Business Ma chines (16) B usiness C omm unication II (18) Planning/Organisation of Office operations. (19) Office Information system II (20) Entrepreneurship. 00 and 400 level office technology: (1) Audio typing (Manual and Electric) (2) Record Management (3) Time Management (4) Company Law (5) Sma ll Scale Business (Introduction to Bu siness) (6) Indu strial Attachment (SIWES) (7) Practical Teaching ( 8) Applied W ord processing in Office (9) Office Dictation I (10) Business Ownership/Applied Economics (11) Human/Personnel Management (12) Marketing (13) Industrial and Labour Relations (14) Applied W ord processing in Office II (15) Office Dictation II (16) Record Management II (17) Seminar and Project wo rk. This is how ever subjec t to regular revision. 300 and 400 level accounting education: (1) Record Management (2) Time Managem ent (3) Company Law (4) Small Scale Business (Introduction to Business) (5) Industrial Attachment (SIWES) (6) Practical Teaching (7) 63 C Business Ow nership/Applied E conom ics (8) Human/Personnel Management (9) Marketing (10) Industrial and Labour Relations (11) Record Management II (12) Seminar (13) Project work. Accounting courses from Accounting Department should be added to the above. This is however subject to regular revision.Other recommendations are; C National University Commission should regularize the curr iculum of business education in all Nigerian Universities. Curriculum planners should be careful while planning in order not to remove some essential recipes from the existing content. Such as the issue of shorthand to be or not to be. All business education students should be allowed to offer all courses in 100-200 levels and specialized in 300 levels. National University Commission should take it upon her self to redeploy those lecturers who are not business educators specialist to their specialized departments. Regular review of the curriculum of our educational system is urgently required.This view is supported by that of Snyder (2008) which stated tha t flexible curriculum is important because there is no single curricular path to career success. While Kaplan (2008) says g iving studen ts more flexibility, is not a radical departure from their curriculum . Government shou ld provide fun ds and equ ipment to assist holistic regular curriculum designers for the smooth running of business education programmes as this will encourage parents, teachers and students. This is in line with Omo-Ojugo and Ohiwerei (2008) that stated that local, state and federal gove rnments shou ld assist by providing funds and equipment for teaching and learning of business education.More courses shou ld be incorporated in the business curriculum to provide more job opportunities for graduates as recently carried out by the U niversity of Chicago Gradu ate school of Business as confirmed by Sny der (2008). REFERENCES Amb rose Alli U niversity, 2000. Fac ulty of Education Handbook for Undergraduate Students 2000-2004. Ekpoma, AAU. Delta State University, 200 6. Bu siness Education Unit Academ ic Programme for B. Sc. Degree In Business Education. Abraka, Delsu. Federal Government of Nigeria, 2004. National Policy on Education. Yaba Lago s: NERD C Press. Hornby, A. S. , 2006. Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary of Cu rrent Eng lish. th Edn. , London, Oxford press. C C C C Curr. Res. J . Soc. Sci. , 2(2): 58-64, 2010 Kaplan, S. , 2008. Curriculum Changes Announced by University of Ch icago Graduate School of Business. Business Wire. Posted on W ednesd ay, 8th October. 09:00 CDT. Okoye, N. S. , 1991. Curriculum Theory and Development. Enugu, Ne w A ge Publishers. Omo-Ojugo, M . O. and F. O. Ohiwerei, 2008. School factors affecting teaching and learning of business education studies in Nig eria. Pak. J. Soc. Sci. , 5(7): 663-670. ISSN : 1683 -8831. Pitman, I. , 1974. Dictionary of English and Shorthand. Lon don, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. Robert, G. and W. W . Booth, 2008.Curriculum Changes Announced by University of C hicag o Graduate School of by Business. Business W ire. Posted on Wednesday, 8th October. 09:00 CDT. Snyder, E. , 2008. Curriculum Changes Announced by University of Chicago Graduate School of Business. Business W ire. Posted on W ednesd ay, 8th October. 09:00 CDT. Uhumu avbi, P. O. and E. S. Ebhomhen, 2006. Curriculum innovation in Nigeria, succe sses and failures: implication for teacher ed ucation. J. Curric. Stud. Instr. , 2: 69-77, ISSN: 1117-4080. Uwaifo, V. O. , 2006. Vocationalization A panacea for a s us ta in a ble t e c h n ol o g i ca l a nd m an p ow e r development in Nigeria. J. Curric. Stud. Instr. , 2: 3039, ISSN: 1117-4080. 64

Aspects of Psychology in Flannery

Psychology has been a part of literature since the beginning of its existence. Its references in the Bible which affirm that mankind is separated from the animal kingdom and also show us the normal pattern to lead an effective and rewarding Christian life are parts of psychology in the foundation of life's meaning. We see these writings as truth as we have them instilled within us at an early age when attending church and reading the bible.Psychology works the same way in every type of material one reads. One is subject to psychology and the part it plays in each of the short stories, novels or poems one reads. However one may have not be fully aware of how it affects our perception of the material. It is what keeps us interested in the story. The psychological appeal that comes with certain styles of writing and peaks the interest of the reader who is waiting to see the conclusion. As Thomas Kellogg states, â€Å"for the act of writing exemplifies to me the very essence of what it means to be human. Psychology is represented in each writing by the relationships that are created teens the authors and its readers. In Flannels O'Connor â€Å"Good Country People† her cognitive approach is easily understood, â€Å"cognitive psychology differs from other models in that it focuses on the human cognitive activity of structuring and interpreting one's world. † In this story we relate because we see Helga who believes in nothing and has seen what she believes to be evil since losing her leg. Her mind is so engrossed in negativity that she cannot get past the past.When she finally does she is left in the barn thinking to herself that she was right all along. We also see the DOD as her mother still believes in the bible and its meaning. She sees almost everyone as â€Å"good country people† or â€Å"the salt of the earth. † O'Connor uses a written psychological approach in the names of the characters. Mrs.. Freeman who works at the farm is a g ossip who freely repeats the stories she is told. Mrs.. Hopeful is theoretically a hopeful and positive person who is always accepting of people, the story suggests it is because she is a Catholic.The phrases of â€Å"Everybody is different† and â€Å"It takes all kinds to make the world† implies that she accepts and likes all kinds f people. When she says â€Å"people who looked on the bright side of things would be beautiful even if they were not† shows her positive side of thinking. Manley Pointer is just that, a man in a story with all female characters. His Manley ways seduce the immature Helga who loses herself because of a need for the affection she is lacking. â€Å"Brewer's ‘structural affect theory was the first model in discourse psychology that seriously attempted to integrate plot, agency, and emotions† into literature.This story has done Just that by having smaller parts that lead to the suspenseful end where Manley takes her artificia l leg and leave's her stranded or even the quick reference where Helga thinks he may have stood her up. That is what keeps each reader interested in the plot and makes one want to know the outcome. â€Å"The psychology of literature is therefore unique in its treatment of psychological matters because words are used to express and communicate information. † â€Å"Furthermore, writers are like psychologists in being interested in the mind, emotions and behavior. † In cautiously picking each word of the story they convey a message.In this story Mrs.. Hopeful describes her feelings for the new name of Helga for her daughter Joy. She thought â€Å"broad blank hull of a battleship,† it angered her so much that she refused to call her anything but Joy. â€Å"In the study of human nature, literature, a product of our evolved human brains, is a bountiful source of data on human desires and dispositions, drawing attention to what is really important in our lives. † This is shown in the way Helga both longs for a companion but is also a bit weary at the same time. Or how the mother is portrayed as a Christian, but cannot be proud of her daughter and the degree she received from college.When reading this story one can relate to he loneliness, happiness, lack of confidence masked by anger and utter disappointment felt by its characters. It is a truly outstanding story that shows the dynamic between the mother and her daughters, Helga and her mother, Helga and Manley as well as the mother and Mrs.. Freeman. Theses inner intricate stories can easily relate to everyday people and the trials and tribulations of society.

Operation Management - Dubai International Airport Term Paper

Operation Management - Dubai International Airport - Term Paper Example A look at the advantages of TQM reveals that it has been able to be more important than its disadvantages and as such is rapidly being adopted by most firms (BANK, 2000). This study for that reason, sought after examining the application of total quality management in the operations of Dubai International Airport in relation to the following key themes or concepts: globalization, cultural organization of the airport, the decision making process used by the management, relations of financial forecasting and its techniques to TQM, emergency, safety and security, economic significance, and infrastructural developments within the facility (MUKHERJEE, 2006). Introduction Dubai International Airport is an international airport that serves Dubai. As a major airline hub, the airport serves the Middle East as a main airport. This airport is also the home base of most of the international airlines in Dubai such as Emirates, Fly Dubai and Emirates Sky Cargo (HUGOS, 2003). Other international ai rlines have also lined up to be operating from this airport and as such it is an extremely busy airport in the Middle East compared to all other airports. In a month, this airport operates hundreds of thousands of passenger flights to several other destinations in the world. The airport is spread over a large piece of land spanning up to 3500 ha (BOERMEESTER & DURANTE, 2000). The airports ability to handle this huge passenger traffic made it to be ranked the 3rd busiest international airport by international passenger traffic thus, surpassing Hong Kong International airport in the rankings (LI, 2013). Research questions The following questions were the guiding points of this study. i. What effects does the adoption of total quality management by Dubai International Airport have on its operations? ii. What total quality barriers do the organization face in its operations if any? Purpose and significance of the study The purpose of this study is to establish the relevance of total qua lity management policies within the operational actions of Dubai International Airport (REID & SANDERS, 2007). The results of this study are anticipated at benefiting the Middle East economy with regard to airport supervision by contributing to the improvement of knowledge and understanding on the subject area both hypothetically and practically (KETCHEN, 2007). It shall also form the basis on which other researchers can build up their studies in the equivalent or related field in the future. Objective of the study Based on the study’s statement of the problem and the research questions, the validation of this study will based on the main purpose of establishing the impacts of total quality management on the operations of Dubai International Airport and whether these quality management policies have had any influence on the growth trends witnessed in the organization (HANSSON, 2003). Scope of the study The study is prearranged to be conducted during the semester as part of a partial achievement of the course requirements. The study shall be structured into a number of chapters with wide-ranging coverage of the sub-topics done under each chapter. Consequently, the scope of this study shall be restricted to date from the year 2000 with Dubai Internation

Mind and Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mind and Body - Essay Example Aristotle was a thinker who was more interested in metaphysical concepts, while Plato's thought was more based on concrete principles of the natural world. While Aristotle described the levels of reality, Plato focused on subjects such as how one could be a virtuous, and therefore "good," person. Pascal was a mathematician, so he obviously focused therefore much more on physical reality and concrete and empirical principles. He says, "But in the intuitive mind the principles are found in common use and are before the eyes of everybody" (Pascal, 1660, p. 1). When one is awake, what does one do This notion that consciousness is not accounted for, or the persistence of memory, is important as one seeks to find out what underlies the core of these two authors. Descartes most likely used more indirect means of philosophizing. Meanwhile, Pascal would have been deliberately direct and forthcoming, as a mathematician who drew on his knowledge of the sciences in order to derive his conclusions. The differences between Descartes and Pascal are vast, mainly because Pascal was first and foremost in his heart a scientist. Descartes was at his core, however, a thinker-a logician of the highest quality. ThisThis is not to say that Pascal could not have been a deep thinker as well, but rather, he thought about things deeply in a very mathematically logical and formal way. Descartes was the type of philosopher who could make vague abstractions seem as though they were concrete principles. Pascal was more deliberate in his intentions. He sought out to define concepts in concrete terms, did not abide by abstract or vague references, and was an empiricist in that sense. Descartes and Pascal differed about how they viewed the mind and the body. While Descartes thought that the mind was separate from the body, Pascal definitely would have argued that the mind was part of the physical body. Obviously, there are good arguments for and against these two very different views. First of all, Cartesian dualism would argue that the mind and body are completely and totally separate. This is because intelligence comes from a place which cannot be defined. One cannot quarantine the human mind and simply confine it to the body, Descartes would have said. One's intelligence is totally separate

Case scenerio 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case scenerio 3 - Coursework Example When an organization provides below standard working conditions, employees can join unions that would bargain for better working conditions. The same applies when the payment is discriminating since some employers could be desperately attempting to cut operational costs, which lead to reducing salaries and certain incentives (Todd, 2012). Physician and nursing unions represent the employees in improving their working conditions. This implies that without unions, the employer is free to dictate how much a physician’s or a nurse’s services are worth or the type of working conditions that they should be working in (Wolper, 2013). The employees who join unions have higher salaries and have other benefits that include insurance and job security in that they cannot be dismissed without proper reasons. However, there are some areas of concern with respect to unions for both physicians and for nurses. Here, high salaries may be offered to lazy nurses for the mere fact that they belong to a union. Were it not for some employers offering low salaries while attempting to cut costs, it would have been better to pay the employees according to productivity but not have the rules dictated by

History - The Mongol Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - The Mongol Empire - Essay Example Some of the key features brought to the human thinking by this impressive empire include the intercontinental long distance trade, united people that formed different distinguished nations, change the way leadership, specifically military leadership, was thought to be, and fanatically developed new norms for the historians. The historians remember the Mongol Empire as the largest contiguous kingdom mankind has ever witnessed. The best spectator of this empire was the area of Eurasia, distinctly at the 13th and the 14th century. But the overall ruler ship of Mongols throughout the world is like the golden pages of history books. 2 Brief History The Mongolian empire was a federation of different tribes of Central Asia. The evolution of this empire was a slow and steady process that began when the Turkish and Mongolian tribes sat together for mutual interests. The first renowned of them was Temujin (1165-1227). He was a charming and fascinating leader and was the heir to Toghril Khan, s upreme leader of the Kereits. The â€Å"Kereits† tribe was the most prominent and populous tribe among the Mongols. The idea of leadership that Temujin possessed was genetically adopted from his father. Soon after he came into limelight, sections of people emerged that were jealous from Temujin. This jealousy ended into a clash in 1203 from which Temujin was left victorious and he gained control of the entire area of Mongolia. 3 Temujin modified the concept of the people residing in this tribal land, unifying each one into a single umbrella of â€Å"Khamag Mongol Ulus†, the ultimate and the all powerful Mongol State. He dissolved the tribes and formulated them as they could be used in the military wings. He introduced the use of decimal systems for assembling his militia. Discipline was mandatory for the armed forces and a strong code of conduct was introduced by him. By 1204 he had defeated all who stood against him. By 1206, through his outstanding military and leade rship skills, he was assigned the title of Chingis Khan (Genghis Khan), which means a robust and firm person and a remarkable leader. 4 The rise of the Empire At the beginning of the 12th century AD, the huge grasslands of Mongolia were resided by Turkish and Mongol-Tung sic tribes, Mongolian tribe being the most populous and the creative one. In 1130 the Mongols entered the regions that are now part of the People’s Republic of China, defeating the powerful Jin Empire and indulged their area of control. 5 The history of the Empire started from 1218, when an interesting event shaped the empire and more particularly the life of Genghis Khan, from a nomadic person to the conqueror of the world. A trade convoy starting their travel from the Mongol lands, heading towards the Persian area that now lay in modern Uzbekistan, was stopped unexpectedly by the Persian State Ruler. The ruler suspected that the caravan was one of the Mongolian spies, so he mutilated the men, raped women an d seized all the goods that the group was carrying with them. The doubt was not something out of the world; in fact the Mongols were very intelligent people at gathering information from around the world that benefited them. At the Mongolian side, this was a strict violation of the peace treaty that assured that the trade caravans will be safe from any

Investing in Portfolios and CAPM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investing in Portfolios and CAPM - Essay Example If the investor chooses alternative 1 and invests all the money in Evergreen, then he can earn a return of 13.8%. Since Evergreen is a safe company, therefore the standard deviation of returns is quite low and risk coefficient is only 0.11. One must keep in mind that by investing in this company, the investor is foregoing chance of earning high returns. In other words, the investor is foregoing chance of earning high returns for increased safety by investing in this company. On the other hand, in the case of alternative 2, if the investor decides to invest in more dynamic of the two companies ACE limited, then the investor is foregoing safety of investment for high returns. This will enable the investor to earn a return which is as high as 25%. However, the risk coefficient and standard deviation for this investment is also higher at 0.31 and 7.6% respectively. A third option is to invest in the form of an equally weighted portfolio. In this case, the returns have increased from what the investor could earn by investing solely in Evergreen and at the same time the high risk of investing in Ace Ltd has also been reduced. The returns have increased from 13.8% to 19% and at the same time risk coefficient has decreased from 0.31 to 0.2. In the case of alternative 4, the investor will invest heavily in Evergreen and take very small exposure in ACE. This option is probably the worst alternative because the returns of this option are not very high, but the risk has greatly increased to 0.47. In the above scenario, we can see that the returns have increased when the investor has decided to invest in portfolios and at the same time risk coefficient has gone down. This tells us that diversification leads to lower risk and high return. However, one must keep in mind that diversification only minimizes one type of risk that an investor faces. There is another kind of risk which is known as systematic risk and it cannot be eliminated no matter how well diversified the portf olio is. Hence, there is always some chance of investors losing money even if the money is invested in the form of a portfolio. The correlation coefficient above shows that the investment in Evergreen and Ace is negatively correlated. A shrewd investor always try to invest in companies that are negatively correlate so that the downward trend in the returns of one business can be offset by the increased returns on the other investment in the same portfolio. However, since these two investments are not perfectly correlated, the portfolio is not well balance and some side will be higher than another and investor can face periods of high returns or loss depending on the market situation. It can be concluded from studying the above alternatives that it is wise for investors to not to take large exposures on one single stock. The investors should try to construct portfolios that should give equal or close weightage to all the companies in the portfolios in order to enjoy the benefits of r isk diversification. If there is one company in the portfolio which has higher weightage than the other companies ten the portfolio’s performance will be highly dependent on that one company and benefits of diversification will disappear. TASK 2: Capital Asset Pricing Model is a tool to

Communication studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication studies - Assignment Example A variety of definitions have been produced, yet the attempts to establish a single one seem to be not fruitful (Littlejohn and Foss 3). Thus, considering a few of existing definitions is the best way to understand the essence of the phenomenon. In scholarly literature, communication is considered within three major dimensions: level of observation or, in other words, abstractness, intentionality, and judgment. Within the first dimension, definitions of communication are viewed as broad (for example, communication is a process which relates discontinuous parts of the existing world) or restrictive (communication is a system used to communicate information and orders, through telegraph or telephones). Within the second dimension, the definition includes the dimension of intentionality. For example, communication is a term used to describe situations in which a source transmits a certain message to some receiver with a conscious intent to influence the behavior of the latter. Definitio ns that include judgment present communication within concepts of success, accuracy, effective outcome, etc. For instance, communication is a verbal interchange of some idea or thought (Littlejohn and Foss 4). ... The organizational structure includes employees, departments, their responsibilities, relations, resources, etc (Filipowska et al. 4). Organizational structures may be formal and informal. Virtually every company possesses a formal structure even if it is not strictly adhered to. Most companies also have an informal structure. It suggested that both structures are important for a company’s successful functioning, so it is necessary to learn their intricate characteristics. Formal structure is above all concerned with the existing relationship between authority and the junior. This is known as organizational hierarchy which starts with the most senior person at the top and ends with subordinate employees who are junior to managers of various levels. Informal structure is the one that develops around some project groups or some social groups. It is often grounded on camaraderie, which means people respond immediately and it is easier to continue working (Schatz, n.p.). The struc tures interact with each other in different situations: for instance, when the formal structure ceased to be effective people tend to rely more on the informal one, also working within formal structures, people may complete some tasks within informal structures, which saves time and effort. While communication in any organization is upward, downward, or horizontal (Lunenburg 2), there exist clear differences between the three. Upward communication takes place when the staffs communicate their ideas to a leader with the purpose of inform about some difficulties, clarify some tasks, complain about something etc. Downward communication encompasses communication which goes from higher levels to lower levels of an organization. It is

Significant Event Essay Example for Free

Significant Event Essay There’s a significant event that happened when I was only four years old. I saw my adult cousin dead in the park that my sister, bother, and I used to play in. I’m sure the memory that I have of this devastating event is not 100% accurate for a number of reasons. One being, the fact that it happened so long ago my memory could’ve been tarnished by hearing different stories from different individuals who also witnessed this dreadful event. Another reason being, the fact that I’ve tried so hard to forget this incident but I’m sure I never will. The last reason being, it was dark and everything happened so fast with a lot of things going on at once. There were so many different emotions being displayed at that time and I was just too young to understand. The affect that this event has had on my subjective well-being has been detrimental in some ways. I am unable to take my kids to a park which is very unfortunate because they deserve to experience the fun of swings, slides, and nature. I can’t get the image of his lifeless body lying there out of my head. It’s painful emotionally to even think about because although I was very young, I remember this older cousin who used to give my brother and me haircuts. This event caused me to lose out on some adult happiness affecting my subjective well-being as a whole. This event has played a significant role on the continuous development of my personality in a few ways as well. I am very humorous which can be viewed as a defense mechanism or a way to defuse a heated situation and not face reality. Like the phrase â€Å"laugh to keep from crying†. It has also given me the personality trait of sympathy. I am extremely sympathetic to people who has experienced losses within their family. Additionally, I am very emotionally sensitive to the point that it is unusual for a grown man. This sensitivity is credited to the fact that there were so many emotions being expressed that night and it was transferred to me as a young boy as an answer of how to deal with painful situations. There are positive and negative impacts involving my health caused by this event. This was far too stressful and dramatic for me to deal with at such a young age which caused a lot of negative impacts on my health. I have what people call â€Å"bad nerves† because of this situation. For example; I sometimes shake. I randomly have problems sleeping as I am subject to jump in my sleep or gasp for air. However, this event has had some positive impacts on my health when I think of the risks that I could’ve taken in that same neighborhood had I not seen the death of my older cousin. I could’ve made poor choices that would’ve got me hurt or caused me my life but because I had these images in my head constantly, I never wanted to end up like my cousin.

Knowledge Management Is A Very Important Field Information Technology Essay

Knowledge Management Is A Very Important Field Information Technology Essay Nowadays, the knowledge management is a very important field to the organization. This is a new, abstract idea, and it is very hard to master it. An organization is considered a strong one if only it has a well-managed knowledge system. Because it is the specific intellectual assets that owned by each organization, it plays a true value key within the organization compared with many other things else. The knowledge captures, codification, transfer and creation is the system chain of the knowledge management, it includes: the explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge capture. In the present, many companies have faced the same problem of how to capture and store that knowledge efficiently for using in the future. Besides that, the knowledge management life cycle has been helping technique which data, information, and knowledge can use to support each other, identify main points, and capture the benefit of them. Basically, there are four models: Meyer and Zack Knowledge Management Cycle (1996), Bukowitz and Williams (2000), McElroy Knowledge management Cycle (2003), Wiig Knowledge Management Cycle (1993). Learning organization helps to create the improvement of the quality and performance of organizations, groups, and individuals.  This system programs goal is to aim to the development of how to get a better understanding of the challenges, techniques, and tools for planning and implementing the organizational development. Researching the learning organization has played a vital key, since the enterprises are facing with challenges and problems that they usually got in the fast developing economic every day. It is because the corporate knowledge management is the system that helps the business to consolidate in the market and also avoids the problems which are not essential. INTRODUCTION As mention above, knowledge management has a very important role on organization nowadays. It is the understanding and the skills of a personal or a group that help to solve the occurred problems more effectively and faster. Many modern organizations are facing an environment of global competition, it is the increasingly fierce driven by rapid changes in science, technology and the demands from its customers, and thus it is increasingly more and more difficult for the  independent labor and labor management. Learning organization somehow much likely a learning environment, it appropriates for all employees within an organization.  It is a place where employees can learn and exchange knowledge from each other.  Learning organization is a huge repository of knowledge which is started from many different sources.  It is also a brainstorming place for everyone to open their minds, creativity and inspiration. The purpose of this assignment will talk about learning organizations and how best practices can be shared through the organization. BODY LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS AND HOW BEST PRATICES CAN BE SHARED THROUGH THE ORGANIZATION KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT LIFE CYCLE Organization cannot know what data, information and knowledge mean; because they are very abstract. If organization just receive data, information and knowledge which do not process, recognize, analyze to useful source, they are so hard to do business or anything else. So, they need some technique which can put data, information, and knowledge on line, support each other, identify main points, and capture the benefit of them. From that point, four models are stabled. But what does each knowledge management cycle meaning? First of all The Zack Knowledge Management (KM) Cycle (1996) was found from the process of designing and developing for information products. (  [1]  ) Knowledge Management in theory and practice book Seeing on picture above, the Zack KM Cycle has five steps is acquisition notice to high quality of data or information; refine is a first place where valued is added, creating more and more useable data or information, or keep data or information for next using; store like as refine, but in store, it do not need to find new data, it just need to save it carefully, maybe physical or digital; distribute is important step because at here data and information is decided to move necessary place, how it use; and present, this is a step to appreciate value which was added at acquisition and refine steps. Second Bukowitz and Williams Knowledge Management (KM) Cycle (2000).This cycle have more steps than the Zack Knowledge Management Cycle. It involves two processes, and in every process, it has from three to four stages. For organizations manage, maintain, control and expand information to create new values, Bukowits and Williams KM cycle divide into two parts which always interdependent is shown as chart below: 2Knowledge Management in theory and practice book The first stage is Get; it includes finding significant information that needed to make decision. In the internet era, with the large amount of information that can be searched or captured, the problem is how to catch the right information which is necessary and useful for solving problem. The second step is Use; this step we use to combine all the right information that we have had into a clear way and easy to understand. The third step is Learn; learning is an important step, it emphasis how to create the completive advantages for an organization. Learning from the failures in the past to consolidate and complement for the existing knowledge, in order to avoid the similar failures or problems in the future. The Contribute is the fourth step of this cycle; this stage acquires people in the organization contribute what they have got. Sharing their own knowledge to the other people. This stage turns the personal knowledge into the organizations knowledge. The next step is the Assess; this is a complex step which is dealt by the high level of organization. Usually the organizational level will judge that knowledge to see if it is the right and needed knowledge for the future needs of the organization. It is very important because it relates to the success of the organization. The sixth step is The Build and Sustain; this step will make sure the knowledge that they have gained is the right one and keep it as the intellectual capital of the organization and use it as the competitive advantages against their competitors. The last step is the Divest; this step has used to quit of using the current knowledge that it is no longer bring or create the value, benefit for the organization. Next is the McElroy Knowledge Management (KM) Cycle (2003), 3Knowledge Management in theory and practice book Including to knowledge production and knowledge integration; but two processes are linked together by organizational knowledge. And rely on broadcasting, searching, teaching, and sharing, knowledge integration can find new knowledge, at the same time it can abolish old. Finally is the Wiig Knowledge Management (KM) Cycle (1993). I think Wiig KM Cycle is popularized until now because it can address how knowledge is built and used as individual, team or organization through four steps: Build knowledge, Hold knowledge, Pool knowledge and Use/ Apply knowledge. Although four steps happen independent but it helps business successfully. Pool knowledge Hold knowledge Build knowledge Use/ Apply knowledge Wiig Knowledge Management Cycle (1993) Build knowledge learn from all kind of sources (personal experience, book, media, peers, education and training) to obtain knowledge (means do ways to create new knowledge as research plan, innovation by individual, hire new people, etc.), analyze knowledge (collect what appears to be knowledge from obtain knowledge), synthesize knowledge (combine different ideas and facts into single idea and impression), codify and model knowledge (represent knowledge in mind, document knowledge through book and manuals) and organize knowledge (by specifies uses frequently asked questions (FAQs), or framework). For example, if someone wants to open Noodle restaurant, following the Wiigs KM Cycle, the first step, they must have restaurant plan, where they begin, hire employees (for cooking, servicing), how to decorate for place, how to promotion which people can know their store, services criteria which employers train their employees. Hold knowledge mean knowledge is in tangible form which held in mind, book or document, databases, etc. It consists remember knowledge, cumulate knowledge, embed knowledge and archive knowledge. We must save and arrange it logically. It will be easy to find and understand when we need to have a merger with other knowledge. Remaining above example, with hold steps, employers Noodle restaurant should find out about flavor, taste, decorations food, etc. after that, they must make recommendation to chef in order to cook right food. It is so necessary, because if chefs do not make satisfy customers taste, customers will not come back again, because they will think food is bad so they do not need to waste their money. Pool knowledge, it is shared or put together so that it can be used for a particular purpose. Individual or organization may pool knowledge in several ways, as if they can coordinate knowledge of collaborative teams, identify who know knowledge or consult about difficult problems or opinions with scholars. Restaurant will have two parts which need to deploy that, one for employees and one for customers. With employees, managers need to organize team work, every team do their own work. Sometimes, they should have competition between teams that create excitement and interesting at workplace. About customers, managers should always ash them about taste, decorated form, services of employees, satisfaction or not, etc. Customers will feel that they receive attention kindly; they will like and come back. That is useful for restaurant; they will know strength points to keep developing and weakness points which are changed. Use knowledge to perform work, projects, collect information, provide standard services, products, describe or analyze situation and scope problems. Other points, this step identify knowledge sources, options, determine risks and benefits. After, it decides what need to do, compare with others and create decision making process. So, in short, both of four knowledge management cycles are so important. Every cycle has it own special particularity. Because they are help organization identifying, and locating knowledge or knowledge source; but depending every cycle, it has their way to collect knowledge. For instance, the Zack Knowledge Management Cycle can be applying information to learning organization. Moreover, different business has unique information which is useful for them, so thanks to the Zack, people can discriminate many kinds of information. Or as people know, organizational memories are created from best practices and bad practices. Information is the main point to link all memories. From the Bukowitz and Williams knowledge management cycle, people can make decision, combine information, practice all information what they learn to real situations, or reject or repair failures. One more points, that all cycles can address how knowledge id built and used as organization. They are also depicting all respect of information, from the beginning as data to knowledge; it creates opportunities to manage knowledge so that the expected value added to organization. In the other hand, knowledge management can be influenced at several levels, such as people, product, process, and performance which make knowledge to improve performance of organization. Like knowledge management cycles, four levels inter-depend each other. Both of them are want to increase profit and revenue for organization. Thus, the link between leaning organization and knowledge management is unquestionable, because learning as the same as knowledge management cycle, in there idea, knowledge can change, apply new knowledge, and refine old knowledge. THE KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE, CODIFICATION, TRANSFER AND CREATION The knowledge capture, codification, transfers and creation is the system chain of the knowledge management, capturing knowledge is the basic step of all. The general problems of many companies which want to build an effective knowledge management system are how to capture and store that knowledge nowadays. Usually, there are two kinds of knowledge capture those are the explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge capture [  [4]  ]. The explicit knowledge is the general knowledge that popularize for almost people in the organizations, companies. They are codified as the documents, reports, text, recording clips, images, video clips which may contain subtitle and sound or not, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Sometimes they are expressed as the books, magazines and outspread to people. Thus, explicit knowledge is captured, codified and transfer easily among people, since that knowledge has shown themselves as a tangible (books, reports, documents, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), everyone can approach and acquire from them. Somehow explicit knowledge has a big amount about quantity aspect, but doesnt have a really high value about the quality aspect. Because that knowledge has been mastered or absorbed by many people. The other kind of knowledge capture is the tacit knowledge (or experience) capture. This subject is much harder to master then the explicit knowledge. Because tacit knowledge has not been codified or written as the documents, reports; its repository is usually in peoples brain or mind and cannot be easily accessed or transferred among people. It is very hard to reason or demonstrate the tacit knowledge because it is the personal experience, belief, feelings or the sensitiveness on their work. Thus, the tacit knowledge is very hard to encode or document as text, video clips, recording clips, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then transferring among people [  [5]  ] For this reason, the transferring for tacit knowledge is pretty difficult. Beside the encouragement individuals to share their own knowledge to others, it is important to create a sharing environment such as building intranet webpage, internal blogs, holding some interview events among senior and staffs, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ These activities will help transfer tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge for people to learn, codify and store them as the value knowledge used for organizations purposes. Brainstorming is also the best way to transfer knowledge among people in organization, this practice is not only help figure out the best solution for each problem, and it is also help to share individual experience. Hence, enriching the knowledge for both people and the organization, and also motivate the staffs continually learns from each other. RESEARCH THE LEARNING ORGANIZATION. Modern organizations are facing an environment of global competition is increasingly fierce driven by rapid changes in science, technology and the demands from our customers increasingly more difficult, the  independent labor and management more difficult.  To survive and thrive in the business environment  [6]  of these dynamic, organizations must constantly change to meet the demands of customers, employees, and market competition.  So learning organization created to improve the quality and performance of organizations, groups, and individuals.  The program aims to develop a better understanding of the challenges, techniques, tools for planning and implementing change and organizational development to create a vibrant organization with good adaptation  environmental change and global competition is increasingly fierce. 7 (http://www.nestle.com.my/NR/rdonlyres/7F86211E-69FD-4855-8A75-5D8D1D1E3626/82581/people_focused.jpg) What is the learning organization? Learning organization is like a learning environment appropriate for all employees within an organization.  It was a place where employees can learn and exchange knowledge from other members of the company.  It was because as a huge repository of knowledge starts from different sources.  Is a place for everyones minds to open, creative and inspired paintings reflecting the ability of each person. What the learning organization do is to make people feel free because the employee is no longer passive players in the equation (just follow the assigned work that is limited ability to share and communicate), they will learn to express ideas and challenge themselves to contribute ideas and energy into a work environment by participating in a shift from a traditional working model to arbitrary a working model more open where hierarchy is clearly divided, and human potential is anticipated. Organizing training making an environment in which people can create the results they really want, and where they can learn to learn together for the advancement of the entire How is it work? Main activities of academic institutions include the following basic operations: create a system to resolve the problem, but to experiment with new approaches-to ensure the steady flow of new ideas,  learn from their own experience and history through multi-learning and gain experience from the incident has occurred and recognized the value of production failure instead of success is not effective, learn from  experiences and best practices of others, transferring knowledge quickly and effectively in the organization-through reports, the training program. The transfer of knowledge requires it accessible to everyone when and where they need it  [8]  . It is also important that knowledge is presented in a way that users can understand  [9]  . It must match the user needs to accept and absorb. Acquiring knowledge related to the collection and use of relevant knowledge from many sources, to solve a one or many problems. Using knowledge can be reused through the solutions have worked before. A learning organization also learns from the mistakes or recognize when old solutions no longer apply  [10]  . Beside that can synthesis of old knowledge to create a broader meaning or a deeper level of understanding  [11]  . Clearly, more knowledge can quickly be mobilized and used to help organizations more competitive. Why do we need to use this program? To compete in this environment saturated information that we currently live, the program is necessary to try to maintain all the activities, competition and continue to find ways to improve the organization. Learning organization accepts changing and continuous creation of favorable conditions for building a sustainable competitive for their company. The possibility that organizational learning can bring to companies such as: Increase the ability to think and improve the quality of team work of every employee through programs that employees can share information to each other more easily. In addition the program also helps employees identify the necessary changes and provide workplace learning opportunities to meet these needs. Changing trends management helping leaders have a clear vision and also help leaders get the admiration of the staff. Raise the quality of the work  [12]  : the results of our data are shared quickly and widely. Building a clearer vision: the staff never stops learning from best practices of the competition or in our local and national. Help employees feel free and independent: workers find joy working. Personal development is encouraged and rewarded. Staff saw a passion for personal development and organization Example: Buckman Laboratories International is the chemicals manufacturer in US. It opened in 1945 by Mr. Buckman and it is a $270 million company with 1,200 people working over 80 countries. Beside that, somebody doesnt know that Buckman Labs also sell knowledge. This company has the huge network of communication within the company. Buckman does not just focus on the manufacture of chemicals that he wanted to create a perfect working environment and easily connect with people. In a disease he had accidentally invented a completely new operating system with these conditions he can help managers and executive staff more easily, and collect customer information found quickly. He calls it a learning organization environment. It is an internal website, where every employee has a separate account and can access the site to find out and chat, discuss issues that people are interested. In addition, customers who wish to learn and interested companies can access the site with as guest and asking ques tions on forums, the issues that the staff can be exchanged quickly and commentary rapidly.  It is a means easier than the old style of communication (letters, papers, bulletin board, news .) Now the information concerning the company can be updated quickly  and websites can work 24 / 7 regardless of time.  Help employees and management will catch information and current trends change.  Buckmans program has made and has been applied to other companies and are pleased to cooperate with Buckman Labs to application programs that in their company.  [13]   What is best practice and relationship between Best Practice and Learning Organization? With the high failure rate of the current project, the company may think the only way to accomplish the goals set forth as the objectives can be met through the use of effective program management and engineering projects. So the best practice programs are being mentioned at companies. A best practice is a technique or method through experience and research, has proven a reliable guide to a desired result  [14]  . Best practice also means finding and using ways work best to achieve business goals. In business, it relates to how businesses operate successfully in the marketplace and compare the way the business with other business leaders. The level of progress will move much more slowly if an organization started a job where they have never done before, they will have to use one or more test methods to determine the effectiveness and problem of tasks before putting it to proceed. Through many course of figuring out how to most effectively perform their tasks. But to do that will make them lose a lot of time and effort, difficulty competing with other companies (when that time is an important factor in the competition). However, by relying on the experience of others or other organizations through the trials and errors to develop a method has been proven to be most effective, they can begin work by using a proven method  [15]  . Such method is known as a best practice. (http://c3consulting.com.au/uploads/pics/Best_Practice_Imp.png) Nghe Ä Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ c ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯ à ¢m Tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n Xem tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ « Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™n chi tià ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t Benefits of best practice are to communicate goals and strategies of the best companies.  A better communication of this policy will ensure that everyone in your business knows the direction in which the business is heading, and understand their part in its development  [16]  . A program that best practice is when it applies to all technology and modern techniques in the application.  Information that gives the best practice for staff was helpful, the staff there to help useful information to apply to the work and goals. RESEARCH THE PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CORPORATE KNOWLEDGE In the modern life, having a solid development depends on the management knowledge in each organization. Most of enterprises are facing with challenges and problems that they usually got in the fast developing economic every day. Today, the employee are improved their knowledge by studying from others experiences so that the organization can save time and money for the training courses. Corporate knowledge management is the system that not only helps the business to consolidate in the market but also avoids the unwanted problems. Moreover, using the system can aid the organizations as well as individuals who could touch to the goal without mistakes easily because they knew how to pass up the mistake from the prior lessons of the other companies. In addition, living in a modern life liked today, the people are much more depending on the high technologies such as computers, internet etc day by day. They cannot even work efficiently without high-tech. however, everything has two aspects which are advantages and disadvantages. It leads to switch over from the offensive to the defensive. That is the reason why human are lazier than in the past. Their brains are not usually used for developing thinking anymore as well as they are losing the concentration skills for producing the new knowledge. As the results, corporate knowledge management was born to collect the data in the past and add the information in the present together for complement each other. Explicit knowledge could be considered as a useful technique which creates the efficient effect for the company. Furthermore, the enterprises also need some software to contain all the knowledge and classify documents according to parts. The managers and staff should collect as well as sharing the knowledge together. That is not only the best way to update the new knowledge but also known as a tool to help them manage the knowledge in professional and reduce the lost for organizations. CONCLUSION As we can see, knowledge management holds an important role in nowadays business. They are quite hard to control and it is new to the system. A strong or weak organization can only be defined with their knowledge system, they do a shabby job in managing the knowledge system they failed, and they exceed the others in managing the knowledge system they gain control of the situation. The knowledge system is the specific intellectual assets of each organization, and they play the main role within the organization compared to anything else. The system chain of the knowledge management is knowledge captures codification, transfer and creation. They also include the explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge. Capturing and storing that knowledge efficiently for using in the future are the problems that many companies still find it difficult to solve nowadays. The four models: Meyer ad Zack KM Cycle (1996), Bukowitz and Williams (2000), McElroy KM Cycle (2003) and Wiig KM Cycle (1993). They are the helping hands by providing techniques which data, information, and knowledge can use to support each other, identify main points, and capture the benefit of them. Learning organization helps to create the improvement of the quality and performance of organizations, groups, and individuals. This system programs goal is to aim to the development of how to get a better understanding of the challenges, techniques, and tools for planning and implementing the organizational development. The research of learning organization has play a vital key, since the enterprises are facing with challenges and problems those they usually got in the fast developing economic everyday. The corporate knowledge management is the reason; it helps businesses to consolidate in the market and avoids making mistakes which are not essential.

Types Of Natural Resources

Types Of Natural Resources Resource is a general term for substance, energy and information that can be exploited and developed by human. It is a naturally occurring substance that widely exists in nature and human society which can bring wealth to humanity. According to Elcome (1998), natural resources are the natural commodities and features of the Earths physical environment that are exploited by the human populations. Natural resources are extracted from the Earth to use in their existing form and often changed in form during the manufacturing process, which turns natural resources into products. The world is heading for an ecological credit crunch far worse than the current financial crisis because humans are over-using the natural resources of the planet, an international study warns today. The Living Planet report calculates that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can replenish each year, which is leading to deforestation, degraded soils, polluted air and water, and dramatic declines in numbers of fish and other species. (Jowit, 2008) Basically, natural resources are classified into two major categories, which are renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources are further sub-categorized into sustainable and perpetual resources, while non-renewable resources are divided into consumable, recoverable and recyclable resources. Renewable resources are the first major category of the types of natural resources. Renewable resources are the resources which regenerate through natural processes within a reasonable time period. They have the potential to regenerate as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced (Bagad, 2009). As shown in Diagram 1, renewable resources are sub-distinguished into sustainable and perpetual resources. A sustainable resource has a few characteristics which make it naturally to be classified as one of the sub-classes of renewable resources. One of its characteristics is the ability to maintain its resources for a period of time because its supply are currently available to be used and believed to sustain for the coming hundred and even thousand of years. It is also reliable in a perspective way as its usage hardly or does not cause any pollution to the environment. In turn, this uncountable and environmentally friendly resource can be utilized effectively. Examples of this cla ss resource include soil, forest, and water in aquifers. To improve the perspective towards sustainable resource characteristics, forest is chosen to be illustrated. Forest is formed with thousands of trees and every single of them has the capability to reproduce and renew themselves, where need not human to assist for growth or produce. Forest has large production capacity, long rotation time, and multiply uses (Nine unique features of forest, n. d). To be qualified holds the position as the second sub-class of the first major category of natural resources, perpetual resource has certain features which differ as well as share with sustainable resource. Particularly, perpetual resource has unbounded supply of its resource to be repetitively used forever, as compared to that of sustainable. While its reliability to be used and cause free-pollution to the environment is the characteristics sharing with sustainable resource. Tidal, wind, wave and solar energy are the examples for perpetual resource. Let further discuss on wind and solar energy for better understanding of the characteristics for perpetual resource. Wind contains tremendous amount of energy and it uses sophisticated turbines to convert this energy to electric power. Wind is just moving air created as the sun heats the earths surface. As long as the sun is shining, the wind remains an infinite. Though wind only generated little power in the United States in 2009, it is the fastest growing source of the new electric power, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration. For the case of solar energy, the Sun has produced energy in the form of heat and light since the Earth formed. This formation of the heat is categorical as solar. Since solar energy is originated from the Sun, it does not bring harmful pollution to environment and its infinity supply definitely make it has feasibility and might substitutes any other form of resources. Ashok (n.d.) stated that in the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as an energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coals, petroleum, and natural gas. In addition to the first major category pointed in above, the non-renewable resources likewise make up the second major category of the types of natural resources. As discussed by Perman, Yue, McGilvray and Common (1999), non-renewable resources are formed by geological processes that usually take millions of years, so that they can be viewed as existing in the form of fixed stocks of reserves which, once extracted, cannot be renewed. Most experts and scientists translate non-renewable resources as not environmental friendly, cause to damaging effects towards living things, lead to imbalance of the ecosystem. In fact, non-renewable resources are sub-classified into three forms, which comprised of consumable, recyclable and recoverable resources as illustrated in Diagram 1. The first sub-class of the second category of natural resources is consumable resource and as its name implied, it can be consumed either partially or completely of its supply. In order to indicate the quantity of this resource that could be undertaken before its depletion occurs and requiring replenishment, a rate of consumption or capacity has been introduced. Fossil fuels are the best example to fit into this sub-class because it is consumable and it has limited resource to be supplied for long term. It is composed of oil, natural gas and coal, these 3 major types and they are all have broad usage to anyone in any country, which makes it be the most useful resource among others. Now, with only about 4.5 percent of the world population, the United States accounts for a quarter of total fossil fuel use, the largest per capita consumption of any country (Pimental Patzek, 2006). Whereas, the second sub-class of the second category of natural resources goes to recyclable. Recyclable resource has a unique characteristic, which is it can be reused again by applying some technological advance such as in machinery to reproduce it into either a brand new product or renew it alike original product. This recycling resource is beneficial to society as well as can remains its scarce resource, and thus it is worth to be recycled. Materials from discarded industrial products are usually being recycled. Holechek, Cole, Fisher and Valdez (2000) discussed that recycled metals become increasingly important as resources are depleted in the U.S. because metal recycling is cost-effective, progress continues to be made in recycling technology. Metallic ores are compatible to be an example for this sub-class as it is now widely being recycled and modified into different types of products. The third sub-category of non-renewable resources is recoverable resource. Recoverable resources are the amount of resources identified in a reserve that are technologically or economically feasible to extract. Mineral reserves and all other deposits that may eventually become available, either known deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, rich or lean, that may be inferred to exist but have not been recovered yet. Rock, though it is hard and strong, does not stay that way forever. When it undergoes the process of weathering, small grains and tiny particles are worn out and sand is formed. One of the examples of recoverable resources is sand. Mattern (2005) mentioned that weathering and erosion are processes that use natural forces like wind, water, and ice to break down and transport rocks and other material. It takes thousands or millions years to form sand, depending on the climate changes and environmental elements. The m ost abundant constituent of sand is silica, usually in the form of quartz. There are lands on Earth that are still unexplored. It is believed that much sand will be discovered in the future. In conclusion, the types of natural resources are classified into renewable and non-renewable as its two major categories. While each of this major category can be sub-differentiated into several classes, i.e. sustainable and perpetual for renewable and consumable, recyclable and recoverable for non-renewable. Each of these sub-classes has its unique and specific characteristic which holds it from being categorized into the others.

Reorganization :: essays research papers

Reorganization A Company which have 100 people, has just gone into liquidation, being unable to manufacture furniture of sufficient quality and provide enough to satisfy the demand for it. In order to solve the problem, we have already thought up a plan. The bank manager have already accepts the financial and marketing aspects of the plan, but he is unsure of my management ability and how I would improve the organisation and management of the collectively brought about the company's downfall. So I am now have to reassure him and persuade him that I know not only how to manage people, but also how to set up and organise appropriate business processes. For the business problem that we are working with. It is require a range of skilful and craft workers, So that the aim of the plan is to provide a good quality and sufficient amount of products. Satisfy the demand for it. Show that plan to the bank manager, give him a confidence. So that we can borrow this budget form him then we can put the company on track again. These are all internal problems within the company; management of workers, suppliers, costs and budget. THE OBJECTIVE. FIRST the workers. Due to the fact that it must have the following problem in suppliers area. The quality of the raw material must have not reach the standard that is aimed. For examples: the may ordered some cheap materials or expensive raw materials where they can have poor quality of work done with the expensive materials and good quality of materials done by poor quality of work or it could be the other way round. So it need to reorganise and have real thought about it. For the problem which just mention can be relayed to the workers. The workers also have problem in; not happy with their salary, relationship problems between all workers themselves (neighbour trouble), also not happy with their raw materials where they are working with. To solve the problem above I must monitor in depth on the suppliers. Look at their raw material that they are provided and communicate with the craft workers and see if the materials are what they really want and what really keen on working with e.g. a worker may not be happy working with pine wood because he thing pine wood is not the right raw material e.g. too light or not met specification for the furniture or some other strange reason and where I must really consider about his thought rather than just do what I wanted to do. In other words if I've ordered some expensive raw materials, but it still end up

Aviation Weather Delays :: essays research papers

Weather Delays. We seem to have heard so much more about them in recent years. Is the weather getting worse? Are the newer planes less able to stand the rough weather than the planes of the past? Maybe travelers just complain more What is the reason for the 70% increase in flight delays and 23% increase in cancellations blamed on the weather since 1978? Are the airlines just using weather as a catch all to cover other problems and keep themselves covered under the statemeant †you cant control the weather†. I will attempt to answer these questions along with a few others in this report but, the question that cannot be escaped from beginning to the end seems to be Is the weathe rreally that bad?† Let’s start with why have the flight delays increased so much since 1978.It all seemed like a good idea at the time, and for many, it still is one of a short list of good ideas to come from the Federal Government Airline Deregulation . This allowed for more competion between airlines in more ways than ever before not only could they compete for customers on strictly a customer service stand point but also for the price of fares and the amount flights offered to the more popular destinations. Up until this â€Å"DEREGULATION†, the Federal Government through the Department of Transportation strictltly controlled the amount of flights an airline could schedule and the amount they could charge for these flights. Weather or any other problem could only have a limited effect on the â€Å"flight schedule† as only about one third as many flights were scheduled then as are scheduled today? Then what is considered by many to be one of a long list of oversights by The Federal Government nothing was done to the air traffic control system to account for the inevitable increase in passengers and flights scheduled. Much of the U.S.Air Traffic Control System was then and is now operating on World War II era technology with most of the updates coming only as needed to accommodate either the Cold War or NASA. Some twenty-two years latter the inevitable is now upon us .Consider this in the year of deregulation(1978) there were 250 million passengers carried by the US airlines in 1999 this number topped 650 million. All other factors being equal this would result in more passengers being delayed or canceled just by the growth of travel. Why does the older equipment cause so many problems ?The main reason is system overload with no more flexibility available in the system.