To Spank or Not to Spank Free Essays

string(70) " Found that kids smacked before age 6 grew up to be more successful \." Ednalyn A. Macas English 101-Essay #4 Research Paper-Final Draft May 3, 2012 Child Discipline Strategy: To Spank or Not to Spank? Should child discipline involved punishment that include spanking or hitting? Is it necessary to spank or not to spank a child as a form of discipline? Some parents have no trouble of agreeing with using a few disciplinary measurements to discipline a child. But, most parents argue that child spanking will have a negative effect on the child’s overall being because it teaches the child defiant behavior, it distracts the child from learning how to resolve personal conflict in a humane manner, and it could be abusive for a child. We will write a custom essay sample on To Spank or Not to Spank or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, some parents argue that child spanking is appropriate when a child is performing an action that is likely to cause danger or harm to others, it is also appropriate if followed up with a reason why they are being punished, and appropriate because it encourages disciplined behavior without negative results. There can be common reasons why both sides have the same perspective of just wanting to correct a trouble mannered child. There can be different reasons why it is better not to spank a child. Doctors and researchers conduct so many studies and researches to find out how much spanking causes children to be very different. Spanking teaches children to be rebellious and consequently to develop low self esteem. According to Alice Park, author of â€Å"The Long-Term Effects of Spanking†, she said that, â€Å"Among mothers surveyed in 20 cities when their children were both 3 and 5 years old, nearly half (45. %) reported spanking their 3-years old in the previous month, 27. 9% reported spanking once or twice that month, and 26. 5% reported spanking more than twice. As 5-years old, the children who have been spanked were more likely than the non-spanked to be defiant, demand immediate satisfaction of their wants and needs, become frustrated easily, has temper tantrums and lash out p hysically against other people or animals. † Lashing out on children as a form of punishment teaches them to act aggressively and more violent. They feel unwanted and unloved. They also feel inferior to others, which explains lower self-esteem among children. The common factor of child discipline tactics whether spanking or no spanking is involved contributes to child’s antisocial behavior. It is not about psychopathology disorder. According to a study conducted by Murray A. Straus, Ph. D. and Vera E. Mouradian, Ph. D. Both researchers and pediatricians at family research laboratory at University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. Bearing in mind the limitations of the cross sectional design, the findings Suggest that CP (Corporal Punishment) and ICP (Impulsive Corporal Punishment) may be important risk factors for children developing a pattern of impulsive and antisocial behavior. † Severe spanking can lead to some psychological damage to some children. It is also believed that children who are exposed to spanking have more aggressive behavior. Spanking distracts children from resolving personal conflicts in a subtle humane manner as an adult, when they may resort to violence they knew as a child. In an article written by Murray Straus, author of the article, â€Å"New Evidence For the Benefits of Never Spanking† finds that, â€Å"Since aggression is a relatively stable trait, it is not surprising that the more aggressive children now and or later in life are now hitting their wives or husbands. † Instead of resolving things in a humane manner, spanking a child is a way of teaching them that domestic violence is an acceptable form of behavior. Domestic violence happens between couples that were spanked as a children. The abuser believes that hitting his or her partner is for the victims own good because hat is what they believed when they were punished as a child. According to Alice Miller, Psychoanalyst, author of Laid Human Problems to Parental Acts, â€Å"The battering of partners and the spanking of children are not just physical aggressions, but physical aggressions that are intended to function as a method of control, subjugation, and intimidation. Many do mestic violence clinicians have heard the excuse from the abuser that their behavior ‘was for the victims own good. ’ That is our justification for the corporal punishment of our children. Those who are victim of child spanking as a child become adults who do not know how to deal their problems without being violent and harmful. Spanking a child is just cruel because the child is vulnerable and defenseless and learns that violence is acceptable. Spanking is harmful, unkind and inhumane. Carole Jenny, M. D. , M. B. A. , author of Spanking should not be Lawful, stated that â€Å"What do you teach children when you spank them? † â€Å"I am bigger and stronger than you therefore I can make you do what I want by inflicting pain on you. Spanking teaches a child that hurting others is a way to change their behavior. When we hit children, we do so knowing that we are not ourselves in danger because of our size and strength. We would not hit children if we knew there was a chance they could return blows and hurt us back. † I have a friend who spank her child every time her child acts according to her unacceptable behavior list. And this child attacks my child without hesitation even if I am watching. Her child thinks it is alright to hurt others. It is not right to hurt children who can’t defend themselves and just wanted to be loved and nurtured by those parents who wanted them in the first place. However, some parents believe that spanking is essential in raising a well-mannered and disciplined child when combined with an explanation. An example of this is when a child is performing an action that is likely to cause danger or harm to others. Stopping a child by spanking them before doing harm to themselves or others is a form of discipline. Marjorie Gunnoe, author of â€Å"Spanking And Misbehavior. Found that kids smacked before age 6 grew up to be more successful . You read "To Spank or Not to Spank" in category "Essay examples" . . Gunnoe, who interviewed 2,600 people about being smacked, told the [London] Daily Mail: â€Å"The claims that are made for not spanking children fail to hold up. I think of spanking as a dangerous tool, but then there are times when there is a job big enough for a dangerous tool. You d on’t use it for all your jobs. â€Å"? Another example of this argument is a scene where a witness walking through a nearby playground one day and see a group of young children playing ball. He sees a young boy attack another child, punching the other child and giving him a black eye and taking the ball from him. Then he sees the other young boy’s mother spank him on the buttocks with her hand. Few people also agree that they were a better person because their parents discipline them at a young age. Some also says it is the last resort to stop an uncontrollable and unacceptable behavior. Training children at an early age about how to manage their anger and limitations is crucial. It will contribute to their overall well being as children with moral standards and self- control. The Bible says, â€Å"He who spares the rod hates his son: but he that loves him corrects him betimes† (proverbs 13:24) and â€Å"Withhold not correction from a child: for it thou strike him with the rod, he shall not die. † â€Å"Thou shall beat him with the rod, and deliver his soul from hell. † (Proverbs 23:13-14) (These Last Days Ministries, Inc. ) So spanking is not merely abuse and immoral way of disciplining a child but simply a way of correcting a behavior that will abstain the child from doing evil and going to hell. Appropriate use of spanking encourages good positive behavior without negative results. Indeed, disciplinary spanking can fall well within the boundaries of loving discipline and need not be labeled abusive violence. According to Den Trumbull, M. D. and S. DuBose Ravenel, M. D. , authors of â€Å"Spare the Rod† and â€Å"The Research Challenges Spanking Critics† Agrees that, â€Å"Obviously, excessive or indiscriminate physical punishment is harmful and abusive. However, an appropriately-administered spanking of a forewarned disobedient child is not harmful when administered in a loving controlled manner. Spanking should typically involve one or two swats in the buttocks. Cultural background and life experiences contributes on why there are spanking parents. Parents who spank their children support their arguments on the basis of their personal experiences and beliefs. It also related to their cultural background on why they punish their children or they are a firm bel iever that discipline is a form of love to a child by showing them how to control their behavior and be a well-mannered individual. A study about families who migrated from Caribbean and the Philippines was conducted to find out why most of the parents who migrated from these countries brought their discipline tactics with them and apply it here in America. ( Based from, â€Å"Caribbean and Filipino Adolescents’ and Parents’ Perceptions of Parental Authority, Physical Punishment, and Cultural Values and Their Relation to Migratory Characteristics. † (Canadian Ethnic Studies). It usually the first generation family that migrated in either the USA or Canada that still values their cultural upbringing and passing it to their children. The second generation are the one who will hesitate to do it, afraid of violating the law of the land that they know and grew up in. Spanking teaches children to be defiant and rebellious and could result to poor self esteem. Spanking may also be a simple swat in the butt followed by an explanation why a child is being punished. Spanking teaches children from dealing their emotions into physical and violent way instead of resolving their problems in a more mature manner as an adult because this is how they were treated as a child. But when spanking is use appropriately creates a disciplined and well mannered behavior. To some culture spanking is acceptable and it is the only way to raise a decent individual. It could be the parents cultural roots that gives them the thinking that it is fine to punish their children. But to most Americans it is cruel and spanking a defenseless child is a form of violence and it is not acceptable. Parents’ social status also contributes to whether they are an advocate or not to child spanking. All aspects include educational attainment, socio economic background, and marital status. A single parent, a low income parent and a low income parent is more likely aggressive in spanking their child than their counterpart, while its counterpart has more options, knowledge and self-control in dealing children. Cindy Juby, Author of the article, Child Adolescent Social Work Journal, â€Å"This study examines the mediating effect of parental attitude in the relationship between environmental factors (educational attainment, income status, and marital status) and disciplinary methods used by parents. † Parenting is both challenging and rewarding. Parents should know their limitation when it comes to child spanking. Knowing boundaries and ways of disciplining a child without hurting them. Some people avoid it completely and some just simply say, â€Å"I was spanked as a child and it did helped me, and so will my children. † Parents should be able to differentiate child abuse and child discipline to correct a misbehaving child. Spanking a child in public is unacceptable and it may only embarrassed a child and will likely not understand. It will also result why the child is defiant and disrespectful. Follow up by explaining why the child was punished is an important step most parents forgot to do. Consistency is also the key to a successful child discipline. A parent who punish a child sometimes on the same offense would confuse a child. Parents should know that too much beyond spanking is a child abuse. Spanking should be a punishment and not an assault or abuse to a helpless child. Work Cited Gunnoe, Marjorie Lindner, and Carrie Lea Mariner. â€Å"Spanking And Misbehavior. † Harvard Mental Health Letter 15. 5 (1998): 7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 May 2012. Jenny, Carole. Spanking Should Not Be Lawful. † Brown University Child ; Adolescent Behavior Letter 25. 5 (2009): 8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 May 2012. Juby, Cindy. â€Å"Parental Attitude: A Mediating Role In Disciplinary Methods Used By Parents. † Child ; Adolescent Social Work Journal 26. 6 (2009): 519-531. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Hassan, GhaydaRousseau, CecileMeasham, To byLashley, Myrna. â€Å"Caribbean And Filipino Adolescents’ And Parents’ Perceptions Of Parental Authority, Physical Punishment, And Cultural Values And Their Relation To Migratory Characteristics. Canadian Ethnic Studies 40. 2 (2008): 171. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Miller, Alice. â€Å"Laid Human Problems to Parental Acts. † The New York Times, April 26, 2010 Park, Alice. â€Å"The Long-Term Effects Of Spanking. † Time 175. 17 (2010): 51. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Straus, Murray A. â€Å"Should There Be A Law Banning Spanking Of Children?. † U. S. News Digital Weekly 3. 36 (2011): 17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. Trumbull, M. D. and S. DuBose Ravenel, M. D. â€Å"Spare the Rod? † The Research Challenges Spanking Critics. Web. 01 May 2012. How to cite To Spank or Not to Spank, Essay examples

Comparing Classical and Romantic Music Essay Example For Students

Comparing Classical and Romantic Music Essay Comparing Classical and Romantic Music through the finale of Mozart Clarinet Quintet and Mailers Symphony no. L in D major Titan By steps_eve The Music of the classical and Romantic era is a period of time where it shows the development and different styles of music. This can be shown through the manipulation of musical elements, (dynamics, pitch, tempo, rhythm, texture, meter, tonality, structure, melody, harmony, instrument) while contrasting them, but it can also be shown through the composers of the music, the size of the orchestra, musical directions, emotional content, and non-musical developments through that period of time. After the Renaissance and the Baroque era, the Classical era soon followed at around the 1720-sasss. During these times in Europe, there were many non musical developments, ideas of the enlightenment, political issues, scientific discoveries and the reexamination of established ideas, including the existence of God. Many of these ideas and has got huge impact on the heavy Monumental baroque style and later developed with a more intimate rococo style, with its light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments, which greatly resembles the classical period. Shortly after the Classical period, the Romantic era appeared during the 1820-sasss. At these times, non-musical developments such as cultural movements strongly expressed emotion, imagination, and individuality. People such as Romantic painters and writer often emphasized the freedom of expression; they often saw political revolution as a reflection of their own struggles for artistic freedom. This had made a huge impact on Romantic music, because the emotional subjectivity turned into a basic quality of Romanticism. Comparing the musical elements of Classical era and Romantic era, we would notice the many differences, and hence we can identify and recognize the music of both eroded. The first musical element that I will discuss is rhythm. As we can see, the rhythm of the Classical era tends to be less complex and quite repetitive. Classical style usually includes unexpected pauses, syncopation, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes, and the change from one pattern of note lengths to another may be either sudden or gradual. As we can see in the Finale of Mozart Clarinet Quintet, we can see that during each of those variations, the rhythms are not very complex and quite repetitive, for example, the first 3 8 bars of the introduction n Mozart Clarinet Quintet show a somewhat consistent rhythm consisted 4 of crotchets each bar, the 2nd variation show a consistent rhythm of 4 sets of triplets between the 2nd violin and viola, the 3rd variation shows a consistent rhythm of 4 sets of semi-quavers in each bar, with the clarinet normally. Through what I have changed to shorter and shorter, in this case, from 4 crotchets to 4 triplets to 4 semi- quavers. Also, in variations like Mozart clarinet quintet, triplets and syncopation can be found frequently. In contrast, romantic music tends to not emphasize that much on simple and consistent rhythms. There are often changes in the number of beats in a measure, cross-rhythms, syncopation, etc. For example in Mailers Symphony no. L in D major Titan, consistent notes goes against syncopation, there are accompaniments with skips and staccatos etc. (p. 16)Both Classical and Romantic eras have written musical directions, unlike Renaissance and Baroque which does not have any. Moreover, I have noticed that the musical directions of both pieces have extreme differences. As we see in Mailers symphony no. L in D major titan 3rd movement, there are many written musical directions: dynamic, emotional, tempo directions. For example, in the first 20 bars, there are already 7 written musi cal directions, whereas in Mozart clarinet quintet, there are extremely small amounts of written musical directions, only 2 written musical directions in the first 20 bars. This significantly shows that there are differences in the use of written musical directions in the Classical and Romantic era. Classical and Romantic music has differences in melodies and structures too. In classical music, the structures emphasize more the grace of proportion and balance, moderation and control; polished and elegance in character with expressiveness and armor structure held in perfect balance. Furthermore, the forms do not vary as much as the Romantic era, they had forms like sonatas, symphonies etc. The melodic phrases are usually balanced and symmetrical made up of two phrases of the same length. For an example, in Mozart Clarinet Quintet, the music is very symmetrical and well balanced, in a variation form. However, in Romantic music, they rather emphasize on the emotional content than trying to sound balanced and symmetrical, and expanded their use of forms and created new forms, like impromptu, ballade, etude, nocturnes etc,. Moreover, the melodies normally have either really long or short phrases, increased in range, but also increased in chromatics. Arlo Guthrie EssayAs we can see in Mailers symphony no. L Titan, the texture is pretty thick in general, due to the size of the orchestra which creates density, and during the bars of 134-137, the whole orchestra is used, which creates the intense and climax moment. In general, although both Classical and Romantic music are mainly homophobic, the thickness of the texture is contrasted significantly. Chromatics was also used differently in the Classical and Romantic era. In the classical era, melodic chromatics was used frequently (especially by Mozart) to balance the harmonic plainness. In its simplest form of chromatic scales, it occurs a lot in unaccented passing notes. Melodic chromatics does not usually affect the harmony; it is mainly used for color-modification of diatonic notes, to add tone color by composers. However, Romantic music generally uses chromatics to form the musics harmonies and create chords. This helps the composer to expand the emotional contents and express a few different emotions of the musical piece. In general, chromatics was used very differently in the Classical and Romantic era. Cadenza chords of Classical and Romantic music is similar, but you can say that addenda chords of Romantic music are built on top of the cadenza chords structures of Classical music. In Classical music, they generally have a cadenza chord structure of I V- l. In Mozart clarinet quintet, the cadenza chords can easily be recognized as chords I V- l, as we can see in the first 16 bars. In Mailers symphony no. L in D major titan however, the cadenza consist of only chord I from bar 158 to the end, 1 1 bars all written in chord l. This type of chord structure is seldom found in Classical music, because Classical music usually ends a piece of music in an authentic dance, appeal cadence, or deceptive cadence. In Romantic music, these cadences are still used, but composers like to end their music in their own unique way, Just like Mailers symphony no. 1 in D major. Another difference that I have noticed between Classical and Romantic music is the size of their orchestra. In a Classical orchestra, there are normally only 20-60 players, which involve strings: 1st 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses. Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons. Brass: 2 French horns, 2 trumpets. Percussion: 2 timpani. However, towards this end of the Romantic era, the orchestra might have included around 100 musicians. The constant expansion of the orchestra reflected composes changing needs as well as the growing size of concert halls and opera houses, due to technological advances. The brass, woodwind and percussion sections of the orchestra took on a more active role, calling for trombones, tubas, and more horns and trumpets. The woodwind took on new tone colors such as contrabass, bass clarinet, English horn and piccolo. Orchestral sounds became more brilliant and sensuously appealing through increase uses of cymbals the triangle and the harp. Imposers express their emotion and creating emotional intensity. Composers from the Classical Period tend to focus more on the structure of music, creating music that is structural and compact in form, and captures our attention by the beauty and structure of the music, which usually Just expresses one emotion. However, composers from the Romantic Period focused more on depicting their emotions in their music, emphasizing on expression rather then structure, expressing several different emotions. When we compare Mozart Clarinet Quintet to Mailers Symphony No. In D major Titan, Mozart Clarinet Quintet tends to be more focused on perfecting the harmony between the different melodies and also the structure and forms, while Mailers Titan emphasized much more on the emotional content. In short, Classical music tends emphasize on the beauty of balanced structures, expressing one emotion, while Romantic music tends to express more emotional contents, expressing several different emotions. In general, the music of Classical and Romantic era are very different in many ways, in all aspects of the elements, dynamics, pitch, tempo, rhythm, texture, meter, analogy, structure, melody, harmony, instrument, and especially how they express their emotional contents.

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay Example For Students

The Five Factor Model of Personality Essay The Five Factor Model of PersonalityThe precise definition of personality has been a point of discussionamongst many different theorists within many different disciplines since thebeginning of civilisation. Personality can be defined as the distinctive andcharacteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that define anindividuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with theenvironment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith Bem, 1993: 525). It can be proposedthat personality psychology has two different tasks. The first involvesspecifying the variables on which individuals differ from one another. Thesecond involves synthesising the psychological processes of human functioninginto an integrated account of the total person (Atkinson et al., 1993: 532). We will write a custom essay on The Five Factor Model of Personality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are many different theories of personality and many different theorists. The purpose of this essay is to examine the trait approach, specifically thefive-factor model. Both the development and limitations of the Five-Factor modelof personality shall be discussed. Trait theory is based on several assumptions. The first assumption isthat any difference between people that is seen as significant will have a name. Secondly, these names, known as traits, are conceived of as continuousdimensions. In general, trait theories assume that people vary simultaneously ona number of personality factors. These traits are of both the conjunctive anddisjunctive form. Therefore, to understand a trait, it is necessary tounderstand what a particular trait is and what type of behaviour is evidence ofthat trait. (Atkinson et al., 1993). Five factor theorists are one set of traittheorists. The claim of five factor theorists is that behaviour can be bestpredicted and explained by measurement of five dominant personality factors. Thefive factor theory is a fairly recent proposal and has its basis in earlier work,which shall be discussed. One of the statistical techniques most commonly used in the study ofpersonality is that of factor analysis: By identifying groups of highly intercorrelated variables, factor analysis enables us todetermine how many underlying factors are measured by a set of original variables. In other words, factor analysis is used to uncover the factor structure of a set of variables. (Diekhoff, 1992: 333)A factor analysis will generally show that a smaller numberof factors represents the same information as the original number of variables. Once the variables making up the factors have been identified, some of theredundant variables may be removed (Diekhoff, 1992). As such, a large number oftraits may be reduced to a number of personality factors. The procedure offactor analysis was a significant part of both the development and criticism ofthe five personality factor theory, as well as the theories on which it is based. An experiment conducted by Allport and Oddbert (1936, cited in Goldberg,1990) was based on the assumption that a dictionary contains a list of everypossible trait name. Oddbert and Allport took every word from a dictionary thatrelated to personality descriptors. This list was then revised to removesynonyms and unclear or doubtful words. Another researcher, Raymond Cattell(1945, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) further revised the Allport-Oddbert listto 171 words. A study was then conducted by Cattell on a group of subjects whowere asked to rate people they knew on the 171 traits. The results were factoranalysed and 12 personality factors were found. However, 4 additional factorswere found by analysing self-ratings. Cattell concluded that, in the adult human,16 personality factors were dominant. Eyesenck, (1953, cited in Atkinson et al, 1993) was another majortheorist to use factor analysis. Although using the same basic approach asCattell, Eyesenck used a more discriminatory factor analysis which resulted infar less than 16 factors. Eyesencks major factors are introversion-extroversion and neuroticism. These are believed to be ordinal factors and assuch, scores on each dimension are independent of one another. The majority offuture studies concluded that the actual number of personality factors, forwhich there is significant evidence, is between Eyesencks two and Cattells 16. Since Cattells study, many researchers have conducted similar studies,or re-analysis of Cattells original data. Most of the researchers, such asNorman (1967, cited in Merenda, 1993) found support for far less than 16personality factors. At most, it was generally concluded that there are betweenthree and seven factors of personality. As a compromise, many researchers agreethat there are five personality factors, as suggested by Normans original work(1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990). Support for the Five-Factor model comes fromcurrent researchers such as McCrae and Costa (1985) and Goldberg and Saucier(1995). Opposition to the theory is also abundant, such as the work of JackBlock (1995). .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postImageUrl , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:visited , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active { border:0!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:active , .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34f865965123d27f67d1db25e558b88c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Ethics EssayAll trait theorists agree that there is a finite number of traits onwhich people have a score. The exact number of traits is still currently apoint of contention amongst theorists. However, today we believe it is morefruitful to adopt the working hypothesis that the five-factor model ofpersonality is essentially correct. (McCrae John, 1992: 175). There is alsostill disagreement among analysts as to factor titles (John, 1990: 96). Manywriters have adopted the names used by Norman (1963, cited in Goldberg, 1990)which are; extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stabilityand culture. For simplicity, this is the version of the five facto r model thatshall be adopted for this essay. The best known limitations of the five factor model of personalityrelate to the problems of trait theory in general. Trait approaches are directedprimarily at specifying the variables of personality. There is little dealingwith the dynamic processes of personality functioning. Traits are staticentities and more complete theories of personality, such as those of Eyesenck,come from a combination of trait theory with another psychological theory. Forexample, Eyesenck adopted a learning theory to combine with trait theory. Assuch, trait theory, and therefore the five factor model, do not deal with alarge aspect of personality: change. Mischel (1968, cited in Atkinson et al. 1993) is perhaps the best knowncritic of the trait theorists. Basically Mischel states that the underlyingassumption of the approach may be untrue: people may have such dynamicpersonalities that they do not possess trait-like characteristics. Mischel alsoclaims that there should be a high correlation between scores on a trait measurefor a subject and performance in a situation where that trait is evoked. However,according to Mischel, the correlation is extremely low. Mischel further arguesthat knowing a persons traits does not help predict their behaviour andmeasures of the same trait do not correlate highly with one another. Althoughthis criticism seems almost perfect, there is still a large number of traittheorists. Their responses to Mischels criticism shall be evaluated. The main defence of the trait approach comes in two forms. Firstly aconceptual form in which Mischels understanding of what makes up a trait isquestioned. The second form of defence comes from a methodological perspective,where the measurement of trait behaviour is examined. To be able toappropriately comment on trait theory, it is important to understand exactlywhat a trait is. McCrae and Costa (1995) suggest that not every person has everytrait. Therefore it is possible to confuse descriptors of behaviour with traits. There needs to be consistencies of behaviour to evidence a trait. Also traitscan be of either a conjunctive or disjunctive type. It has been suggested thatthe evidence suggested by Mischel is invalid because aggression was seen asconjunctive when it is actually disjunctive. Correcting this mistake couldsignificantly increase the correlation between different measures of the sametrait. As such, one criticism of Mischel may be answered. The second defence of trait theory examines the research method used byMischel. It is proposed that it is necessary to have many more than oneobservation of behaviour, before comparing behaviour to trait scores. Thereasoning behind this argument is that each trait test has at least 20 to 40items. As such, there should be at least half as many observations. A singlequestion test would be unacceptable and therefore a single observation ofbehaviour should also be unacceptable. Another possible experimental error mayhave occurred due to moderator variables. Moderator variables such as sex ofsubject may change the correlation between behaviour and trait scores. If thesevariables are controlled for, the correlation may significantly increase andMischels criticism may need to be re-evaluated. Cattells 16pf, the predecessor of the five factor model, also had asignificant limitation. The 16 pf had a low predictive power of performance ofa subject on a given test, when used alone. However, the personality profileswhich can be created using the 16pf are reasonably effective in an appliedsituation in predicting adjustment of an individual entering a particular group. Also, the performance predicting power of the 16 pf can be improved by givingthe 16pf and correlating it to some measure of the persons performance. Multiple regression can then be used to weight each of the 16pf factors so thatcorrelation between the 16pf score and performance is at maximum. This gives amore satisfactory prediction of performance using the 16pf, yet its predictivepower is still quite low. The 16pf is still used in many applied situationsbecause no other psychological tool is available with better predictive power. .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postImageUrl , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:visited , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:active , .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9 .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4e7497bc17ee4a5130e853376f86a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast cancer 2 EssaySince the five factor model is based on the 16pf, this limitation is alsoapplicable to the five factor model. It is possible to suggest that the limitations pertaining to the traitapproach and 16pf are insignificant or not applicable to the big five model ofpersonality. However, there are limitations that specifically relate to thismodel. Jack Block (1995) and Dan McAdams (1992) are the main theorists toevaluate the five factor model specifically and examine its limitations. Blocks criticisms are answered by theorists such as McCrae and Costa (1995) andGoldberg and Saucier (1995). The basis of Blocks argument is that it is uncertain that all importanttrait-descriptive terms are representatively distributed in language. Forinstance, collectively suppressed traits might be unrepresented. Another majorpoint is that the Big Five are very broad and might not differentiate accuratelyenough for practical applications. For example, assigning people to high, middleand low on each of the factors gives 243 personality types, which may be enoughtypes but doesnt solve the broadness problem. Block suggests a few changes toprocedure should be adopted but admits my suggestions are mild, obvious andentail scientific sobriety coupled with slow, hard work aiming to educe orderfrom the present jumbled empiricism characterising personality psychology. (Block, 1995: 209). Both Costa and McCrae (1995) and Goldberg and Saucier (1995) suggestthat Block has lost sight of why the five factor model was developed. Blockcriticises the model for not being applicable to practical situations when itspurpose is to describe the full range of personality traits. Blocks criticismalso does not distinguish between the Big Five model from alternativemodels of the causal underpinnings of personality differences (Goldberg Saucier, 1995: 221). A large amount of crucial evidence supporting the Big Fivemodel is also left out of the criticism. Each reply also suggests that Blocksclosing suggestions provide few specific proposals of alternative models. McAdams (1992) critical appraisal of the five-factor model outlinesseveral major limitations. McAdams views the five-factor model as essentially apsychology of the stranger, providing information about persons that one wouldneed to know when one knows nothing about them. It is argues that because ofinherent limitations, the Big Five may be viewed as one important model inpersonality studies but not the integrative model of personality. Some of thelimitations described are those applicable to all trait theories and one appliesto the 16pf and any theories based on the 16pf. However, two limitationsspecific to the five factor model are discussed. The main limitation specific to the five factor model of personality arefirstly a failure to offer a program for studying personality organisation andintegration and secondly a reliance on statements about individuals by otherindividuals. The extent to which the five-factor model is a major advance inpersonality study therefore depends on what is hoped to be gained in the field. If personality study is interested in the study of observers trait ratings, thebig five model is extremely useful. If the purpose of the field is also toinvestigate observers attributions about individual differences the five-factor model is less significant. If the study of personality aims to emphasisethe whole person and the dynamic nature of personality, the model seems to beonly of minor concern. As such, from the view of multifaceted personology, thefive-factor model is one model in personality not the model of personality(McAdams, 1992: 355). In conclusion, the support and criticisms of the five factor model arenot as black and white as would be hoped. Each argument has logical reasoningand can provide evidence to support itself. Each view also has a large number ofsupporters. Neither one is necessarily correct, as it is possible for the modelto be applicable at some stages, and not applicable at others. As a result, itis probable and acceptable to conclude that the five factor theory may or maynot be an appropriate model of personality. Perhaps a comparison of how muchsupporting literature there is for each argument is a useful method for decidingwhich theory an individual may choose to support. Philosophy

Michael Vs. Sonny essays

Michael Vs. Sonny essays At a first glance Michael and Sonny appear to be quite different. Upon further observation, however, they have some similarities. Although they are different in areas of personality, values, and their tempers, they are similar in areas of loyalty, their respect for their father, and their strong family ties. Their personalities are quite different. Sonny is brash and arrogant, where Michael is calm and cool. When Don Corleone was in the hospital and Sonny is in charge, the family got kind of careless. He doesnt seem to care what could happen due to his actions. He wants to kill the police captain and doesnt think about the repercussions. Tom has to tell him that it wouldnt be good to kill a cop, but they end up doing it anyway. I think Michael was pushed into it because of his loyalty to the family. He is more calculating in manner. Near the end when he takes care of all the family business on the day of the Baptism is a prime example of this. Because he was this way, the objects of his violence had no idea that it was coming. Their values are another way that they differ. Michael is a man of honor. He doesnt run around having affairs with different women. He only marries twice because his first wife was killed in the explosion. Sonny is an adulterer. He is with another women during his sisters wedding, along with a few other times throughout the movie. Their tempers were not nearly the same. Sonny had a bad temper, while Michael did not. Sonnys temper ended up getting him killed. He flew off the handle when he found out that his sister had been beaten and ran out of the house without anyone with him. During those times he should have known better, but all he had on his mind was vengeance. Michael on the other hand is fairly calm about things. He knows that Carlos was involved in Sonnys death, but he lets it go until it is time to deal with it. ...

How successful have the Irish Government and the European Central Bank Essay

How successful have the Irish Government and the European Central Bank been in running the Irish economy over the last two years - Essay Example Ever country’s economic policy has a number of generic objectives like attaining economic growth, healthy levels of employment and inflation, increasing price stability and equilibrium on the balance of payments. To this end governments use tools of macro-economic policy, like fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies (Palmer, n.d). The Irish economy is member of the European Union and controlled by the European Central Bank (ECB) and thus does not have perfect autonomy when it comes to making its economic policy. The ECB has a vested interest in the Euro remaining integrated across Europe and thus the interest rates implemented across all the members of the European Union have a greater agenda than that country’s economy; to keep the Euro healthy. By setting monetary policy and exchange rate, the ECB makes sure that there is price stability. However, since policies are implemented under an umbrella, sometimes decisions of the ECB for the European Union’s greater good may prove to be detrimental for a particular economy which is precisely what happened with Ireland (Palmer, n.d). The Irish crisis hit full swing in 2008 when Lehman Brothers collapsed. Their financial sector was weak and out in the open and vulnerability was high. Ireland found it particularly hard to recover from its substantial overseas debt. Fearing a contagion, the government introduced a blanket liability guarantee; however this back fired severely, destroying Ireland’s credit image and creating political tension for Ireland. (Connor et al., 2010). However, after going through a really bad time, the Irish economy finally showed positive signs in 2010, it was expected that with recovery the economy would gain full strength. The unemployment figures also rose substantially around this time, but subsequently normalized. In the second half of 2010, the Irish government took a large loan from its fellow members of the EU which was aimed at increasing growth and improving the financial system. The new policy saw strong implementation, after the first two quarters a lot of improvement was seen. The policy objectives also aimed at improving employment in economy and improving Ireland’s competitiveness in the global market. Deflation in Ireland finally started lifting off in 2011, prices began rising as factors that had been depressing them were alleviated by the new policy implementation. A jobs initiative was also put forward around the same time with the aim of creating over 20,000 jobs. The economy of Ireland finally recovered in a plan which is divided in five stages. Stage one; export led growth, this is where net exports were increased so that competitiveness would increase. Net exports had increased over 9% by 2010. Stage two; investment, increasing FDI in Ireland helped create demand for it in the world market. Stage three, employment increment, expansion in this area occurs as a joint effect by first two stages. Stage four; improved spending, increase disposable income and consequently spending of households are increased. Stage five; make demand for d omestic goods stronger, this will cause increase in tax collections and economic growth will pick up. (Hickey, 2011). As part of the fixing up of Ireland through the new policy, the government also strengthened the capital base of its domestic banks. This was thought of to have strengthened that sector and eventually Ireland’s financial institutions and markets. (Langedijk, 2011). Summing up, we look at where Ireland stands in 2012 to see whether the policy objectives and vision of the Irish government with respect to its economy have been able to be successful over the last two years. According to this report published by the Department of finance

Analysis Cairn Energy PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis Cairn Energy PLC - Essay Example The headquarters of the company is situated in Edinburg. The company was founded by Sir, Bill Gammel who also happens to be a former rugby player. The initial operations of the company were in USA. However, after the listing of the company on London stock exchange in 1988 the company expanded nationally and internationally into Spain, China, Vietnam, Australia, Bangladesh, Albania, Nepal, Tunisia and Papua New Guinea. The average oil produced by the company is 33,000 per day (approx). However the largest operations of the company are in India as the company has been able to make over 20 discoveries in the state of Rajasthan. This includes one major discovery in Mangala. The main products produced by the company include natural gas, Petroleum and petrochemicals. ... mmunication of performance and strategy Organizational Structure Group Structure Divisional Structure External Environment Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political The government have been very involved in the production and exploration of oil and gas. The geopolitical violence and developments in few countries have lead to a less than suitable and highly risky for foreign investments in production and exploration of oil and gas. Economic The global economy is looking to make a comeback from the economic downturn in Europe and USA. Add to that the western oil and gas market has become extremely competitive. Therefore companies are looking to invest in some of the emerging economies of the countries in the eastern region. Companies also enjoy favourable corporate conditions, tax breaks and relatively low labour rates the market has also witnessed an energy crisis. The crisis has mainly occurred changes in demand and supply side limited resources for production leading to increase in costs o r production. Also the oil prices are decided by the supply and demand factors. Due to the fluctuations in these two factors has lead to instability in the prices. This actually posses a major risk in the times of low oil prices (Henry, 2008, p.201). Social Change in climate has led to a change a change in the lifestyle of the people. This also led to a change in the mindset of the people towards Carbon emission mainly in the developed countries. Due to such developments the corporate social responsibility has become an integral part of the marketing strategy of the companies to develop long relationships with environmental activists and local communities. Technological Innovative drilling technology and exploratory techniques like the 3d seismic processing, improved plant design and 3d

Training and Development Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training and Development Bachelor - Essay Example That was how it all started. The place did undergo some change towards the end of the second generation Hank's tenure. This was more out of necessity to survive, thrive and make it a source of living while facing intense competition from the mushroomed pizza corporate. They opened one more store in the town, introduced contemporary and extremely upbeat customer seating facilities; added washrooms modernized the kitchen with the state-of-art equipment, introduced computerization, and changed the lighting and created an ambience which is ideal for an excellent meal. The upgrade Hank's pizza store could give any pizza corporate outlet a run for its money. The third generation Hank joined the father after finishing an MBA. His first setout was a mission for the business. The mission is to be the first and the only eat out choice of the town and also expanded the number of outlets from two to six, business multiplied four times over a period of six years and there seemed no looking back for the Hank's pizza store. But still something bothered the junior most Hank and he constantly felt that there were losing out business to other pizza chains stores. Hank with his latest management knowledge did try and put an effort to figure out what was amiss with the business while managing the operations of the business. Good amount of time was spent balancing the cash books, ensuring there were no stock outs and creating innovative marketing plans to increase pitfalls and ensure return customers. But still there was something amiss. To identify the problem and find solution for it, Hank III hired a management consultant and gave a free rein to them to identify the problem. On studying Hank IIIs style of functioning, it became evident that Hank III was looking at the business from the operations perspective and not from the customers' perspective. The consultants deputed mystery customers to identify and rate customer experiences at various store locations. The consultants, after a four week study identified that the customers were comfortable going to a specific store and undertook focus group studies to identify the reasons thereof. (Keer ti) Focus Group Studies - What are they Focus group is a form of qualitative research. In this method of research a group of people are asked about a product of an idea from their individual perspective focusing on various attributes. (Wikipedia) A great deal of information can be achieved by conducting focus group studies. (Free Management Library) They came up with an astonishing fact which did not strike Hank III till then which was that the customer experiences were not uniform across the six stores and the expectations built at each store of the next possible experience was different and hence the strong customer location loyalty was being built which was good for an individual store but harmful overall to the business. To arrest this trend the consultants recommended that there be training department set up and train the different categories of staff so that the Hank's Pizza store delivered uniform customer experiences and WOW at all store locations and they identified the following training programs be conducted as a pre-cursive before embarking on a new marketing initiative. 1. The customer promise 2. Managing Customer experience 3. Customer orientation 4. Service orientation 5. Service with a